Home Unlabelled TNTRB ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ENGLISH UNIT V NOTES

TNTRB ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ENGLISH UNIT V NOTES

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 UNIT 5 — NOTES

Literary Forms, Literary Movements, Literary Terms & Concepts, Language and Linguistics

PART A — LITERARY FORMS

(Poetry, Drama, Fiction, Prose, Essay, Novel, Short Story, Epic, Lyric, etc.)

PART B — LITERARY MOVEMENTS

(From Classical to Postmodern, including Romanticism, Realism, Modernism, Structuralism, Postcolonialism etc.)

PART C — LITERARY TERMS & CRITICAL CONCEPTS

(Figures of Speech, Narratology, Rhetoric, Genres, Prosody, Devices etc.)

PART D — LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

(Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics, Language Acquisition)

UNIT 5 — PART 1

LITERARY FORMS (Poetry, Prose, Drama, Fiction, Non-Fiction, etc.)**

1. Poetry — Definition, Features, Types

Poetry is the earliest literary form, originating in oral tradition. It uses condensed language, rhythm, sound devices, imagery, and emotion to express human experience. Poetry can be metrical (traditional prosody) or free verse, depending on the structure.

Functions of Poetry

  • Expresses emotions
  • Creates vivid imagery
  • Transmits cultural memory (epics, ballads)
  • Creates musicality through rhythm and rhyme

Major Types of Poetry

1.1 Lyric Poetry

  • Short, musical, personal
  • Expresses emotion rather than narrative
  • Examples: Wordsworth’s “Daffodils”, Shelley’s “To a Skylark”

Subtypes: Ode, Sonnet, Elegy, Hymn, Pastoral

Features:

  • First-person voice
  • Emotional, subjective
  • Metaphors, similes, imagery

1.2 Narrative Poetry

Tells a story like a short narrative.

Examples:

  • Epics: Iliad, Paradise Lost, Mahabharata
  • Ballads: “La Belle Dame Sans Merci,” traditional folk ballads

Features:

  • Plot, characters, action
  • Heroic or tragic themes
  • Elevated style (epic)

1.3 Dramatic Poetry

Poetry written in dialogue, like miniature plays.
Includes dramatic monologues—e.g., Browning’s “My Last Duchess”.

Features:

  • Speaker addresses a silent listener
  • Psychological depth
  • Reveals character indirectly

2. Prose — Definition, Nature, Types

Prose refers to ordinary, grammatical language without a metrical pattern.

Major types of Prose:

2.1 Fiction

Includes:

  • Novel
  • Short story
  • Novella

Novel

Long narrative fiction with plot, characters, themes.

Forms:

  • Picaresque (Fielding)
  • Gothic (Radcliffe, Shelley)
  • Realistic (Austen)
  • Historical (Scott)
  • Psychological (James)
  • Modernist (Joyce)
  • Postmodern (Pynchon)

2.2 Short Story

Condensed prose fiction.

Features:

  • Single incident
  • Limited characters
  • Unity of effect (Poe)

2.3 Non-fiction Prose

Essays, memoirs, biographies, travel writing.

Types:

  • Personal essay (Lamb, Montaigne)
  • Critical essay (Arnold, Eliot)
  • Political prose (Burke)
  • Scientific prose (Darwin)

3. Drama — Nature, Origins, Types

Drama is written for performance; rooted in Greek theatre.

Elements of Drama:

  • Plot
  • Characters
  • Dialogue
  • Conflict
  • Spectacle

3.1 Tragedy

Noble protagonist falls due to tragic flaw (hamartia).
Aristotle: evokes pity and fear.

Examples:

  • Hamlet, Macbeth, Oedipus Rex

3.2 Comedy

Ends in reconciliation.
Types:

  • Romantic comedy (Shakespeare)
  • Satirical comedy (Jonson)
  • Comedy of Manners (Sheridan, Congreve)

3.3 Tragi-Comedy

Mixed emotions; tragic situation with comic relief.

3.4 Absurd Drama

Post-WWII genre highlighting meaningless existence.
Writers: Beckett, Ionesco, Pinter.
Text: Waiting for Godot

3.5 Modern Drama

Focus on realism, social conditions, psychology.
Key dramatists: Ibsen, Shaw, Miller, O’Neill.

4. Other Literary Forms

4.1 Allegory

Story with double meaning (literal + symbolic).
Example: Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress

4.2 Satire

Ridicule of human vices.
Types:

  • Horatian (gentle)
  • Juvenalian (harsh)

4.3 Epic

Long narrative poem with heroic themes.

4.4 Elegy

Poem of mourning (Gray’s “Elegy”)

4.5 Sonnet

14-line poem (Petrarchan, Shakespearean)

4.6 Ode

Elaborate, celebratory lyric (Keats, Pindar)

4.7 Pastoral

Idealization of rural life (Theocritus, Spenser)

UNIT 5 — PART 2

LITERARY MOVEMENTS (Classical to Postmodern)

1. CLASSICAL PERIOD (800 BCE – 400 CE)

Greek and Roman Literature

Key Features

  • Emphasis on order, harmony, symmetry
  • Literature governed by mimesis (imitation)
  • Importance of reason and morality
  • Genres: Epic, tragedy, comedy, rhetoric

Major Writers

  • Homer – Iliad, Odyssey
  • Sophocles – Oedipus Rex
  • Euripides – Medea
  • Aristophanes – Comedies
  • Virgil – Aeneid
  • Ovid – Metamorphoses

Critical Concepts

  • Catharsis
  • Hamartia
  • Three Unities

⭐ 2. MEDIEVAL PERIOD (400–1500)

Characteristics

  • Dominance of Christian theology
  • Allegory, morality plays
  • Courtly love tradition
  • Oral ballads

Writers

  • Chaucer – Canterbury Tales
  • Mystery and Morality plays – Everyman
  • Dante – Divine Comedy

⭐ 3. RENAISSANCE (1500–1660)

Humanism, Rebirth of Classical Learning

Features

  • Celebration of human potential
  • New forms: Sonnet, blank verse
  • Theatre thrives

Major Figures

  • Shakespeare, Marlowe, Spenser
  • Ben Jonson
  • Sir Philip Sidney

Key Concepts

  • Humanism
  • Classical revival
  • Individualism

⭐ 4. NEOCLASSICAL PERIOD (1660–1798)

(Dryden, Pope, Swift, Addison)

Characteristics

  • Emphasis on reason, decorum, order
  • Satire becomes dominant
  • Poetry highly structured

Major Writers

  • John Dryden
  • Alexander Pope (heroic couplets)
  • Jonathan Swift
  • Samuel Johnson

Genres

  • Periodical essays
  • Heroic tragedy
  • Mock-epic (The Rape of the Lock)

⭐ 5. ROMANTIC MOVEMENT (1798–1830)

Literature of Emotion, Nature, Imagination

Key Features

  • Nature as teacher
  • Individual freedom
  • Interest in the supernatural
  • Rejection of neoclassical order

Major Poets

  • Wordsworth, Coleridge
  • Byron, Shelley, Keats

Major Ideas

  • Imagination > Reason
  • Revolutionary spirit
  • Cult of childhood innocence

⭐ 6. VICTORIAN LITERATURE (1830–1900)

Age of morality, industrialization

Key Features

  • Social realism
  • Class conflict
  • Faith vs. doubt
  • Rise of the novel

Major Writers

  • Dickens, George Eliot
  • Tennyson, Robert Browning, Matthew Arnold
  • Thomas Hardy

⭐ 7. REALISM (19th Century)

Reaction against Romanticism

Features

  • Truthful representation of society
  • Ordinary characters, everyday life
  • Focus on social issues
  • Detailed description

Major Writers

  • Flaubert
  • George Eliot
  • William Dean Howells
  • Henry James (early works)

⭐ 8. NATURALISM (Late 19th Century)

Literature shaped by heredity and environment

Features

  • Determinism
  • Scientific objectivity
  • Harsh portrayal of poverty

Writers

  • Émile Zola
  • Stephen Crane
  • Theodore Dreiser

⭐ 9. MODERNISM (1890–1945)

The movement of fragmentation & experimentation

Features

  • Stream of consciousness
  • Non-linear narratives
  • Symbolism
  • Alienation, loss, absurdity
  • Rejection of traditional forms

Key Figures

  • James Joyce, Virginia Woolf
  • T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound
  • Franz Kafka
  • W.B. Yeats
  • William Faulkner

Key Concepts

  • “Make it New” – Pound
  • Interior monologue
  • Mythic method (Eliot)

⭐ 10. POSTMODERNISM (1945–Present)

Movement of fragmentation, playfulness, metafiction

Features

  • Irony, parody
  • Intertextuality
  • Magic realism
  • Pastiche
  • Unstable identity
  • Black humor

Writers

  • Thomas Pynchon
  • Salman Rushdie
  • John Barth
  • Italo Calvino
  • Margaret Atwood

⭐ 11. SYMBOLISM (Late 19th Century France)

Features

  • Private, personal symbols
  • Rejection of realism
  • Musical language

Writers

  • Stéphane Mallarmé
  • Paul Verlaine
  • Arthur Rimbaud

Influenced modernist poets like T.S. Eliot.

⭐ 12. EXISTENTIALISM (20th Century European Movement)

Features

  • Human existence is meaningless
  • Individual choice is everything
  • Alienation, despair, absurdity

Writers

  • Jean-Paul Sartre
  • Albert Camus
  • Samuel Beckett

⭐ 13. POSTCOLONIALISM (1947–Present)

Purpose: Examine colonial power, identity, hybridity, resistance.

Key Ideas

  • Hybridity (Homi Bhabha)
  • Orientalism (Edward Said)
  • Subaltern studies (Spivak)

Writers

  • Chinua Achebe
  • NgÅ©gÄ© wa Thiong’o
  • Salman Rushdie
  • Derek Walcott
  • Bhabha, Said, Spivak (theorists)

⭐ 14. FEMINISM (18th Century–Present)

First Wave: Political rights

Second Wave: Social and cultural equality

Third Wave: Gender diversity and intersectionality

Writers

  • Mary Wollstonecraft
  • Virginia Woolf
  • Simone de Beauvoir
  • Alice Walker (womanism)

⭐ 15. STRUCTURALISM / POSTSTRUCTURALISM

Structuralism (1960s)

Language and literature follow deep structures.

Thinkers: Saussure, Levi-Strauss, Roland Barthes

Poststructuralism

Meaning is unstable; language is slippery.

Thinkers: Derrida (Deconstruction)

  • Binary oppositions
  • Difference
  • Textual instability

UNIT 5 — PART 3

LITERARY TERMS & CRITICAL CONCEPTS**

1. BASIC LITERARY TERMS

1.1 Plot

The sequence of events in a story.

Parts of Plot (Freytag’s Pyramid)

  • Exposition
  • Rising action
  • Climax
  • Falling action
  • Resolution (denouement)

1.2 Setting

The time and place of the narrative.

Includes:

  • Historical setting
  • Geographical setting
  • Cultural context
  • Social environment

1.3 Character

A person, figure, or being in a text.

Types

  • Protagonist (central character)
  • Antagonist (opposes protagonist)
  • Round character (complex)
  • Flat character (one-dimensional)
  • Dynamic character (changes)
  • Static character (no change)

1.4 Theme

The central idea or message.

Examples: Love, betrayal, colonialism, identity, justice.

1.5 Point of View

Perspective from which the story is told.

Types:

  • First person (“I”)
  • Second person (“You”)
  • Third-person omniscient
  • Third-person limited
  • Objective / camera-eye

1.6 Tone

The author’s attitude toward the subject.

Examples: Ironic, nostalgic, humorous, pessimistic.

1.7 Mood

The emotional atmosphere created for the reader.

Examples: eerie, joyful, tense.

🔷 2. FIGURES OF SPEECH

2.1 Simile

Comparison using like or as.
“Brave as a lion.”

2.2 Metaphor

Direct comparison.
“Time is a thief.”

2.3 Personification

Human traits given to non-human objects.
“The wind whispered.”

2.4 Hyperbole

Extreme exaggeration.
“I waited forever.”

2.5 Irony

Contrast between appearance and reality.

Types:

  • Verbal irony (saying opposite)
  • Situational irony (unexpected outcome)
  • Dramatic irony (audience knows more than characters)

2.6 Alliteration

Repetition of initial consonant sounds.

2.7 Assonance

Repetition of vowel sounds.

2.8 Onomatopoeia

Words that imitate sounds: buzz, hiss, clang.

2.9 Oxymoron

Contradictory terms together. “Deafening silence.”

2.10 Paradox

Statement that seems false but reveals truth.
“Less is more.”

🔷 3. POETIC TERMS

3.1 Prosody

Study of sound, rhythm, meter.

Basic Meters:

  • Iambic (unstressed + stressed)
  • Trochaic
  • Anapestic
  • Dactylic
  • Spondaic

3.2 Rhyme

Perfect, slant, internal, end rhyme.

3.3 Stanza Forms

  • Couplet (2 lines)
  • Tercet (3)
  • Quatrain (4)
  • Sestet (6)
  • Octave (8)

3.4 Blank Verse

Unrhymed iambic pentameter.
Used by Shakespeare, Milton.

3.5 Free Verse

Poetry without a regular meter or rhyme.
Favored by modernists like Whitman.

3.6 Caesura

A pause in a line of poetry.

3.7 Enjambment

Running over of a sentence from one line to the next.

3.8 Volta

The “turn” in a sonnet (line 9 or line 13).

🔷 4. DRAMATIC TERMS

4.1 Soliloquy

A character speaks inner thoughts aloud.
(Hamlet’s “To be, or not to be…”)

4.2 Monologue

Long speech to other characters.

4.3 Aside

Short remark heard only by the audience.

4.4 Catharsis

Emotional cleansing in tragedy (Aristotle).

4.5 Hamartia

The tragic flaw (e.g., Othello’s jealousy).

4.6 Deus Ex Machina

Unexpected divine rescue or plot solution.

4.7 Exposition

Introduction of background info.

🔷 5. FICTION TERMINOLOGY

5.1 Stream of Consciousness

Flow of thoughts without structure.
(Used by Woolf, Joyce.)

5.2 Epiphany

A sudden moment of realization.
(Joyce’s signature technique.)

5.3 Bildungsroman

Coming-of-age novel.
(e.g., Jane Eyre, David Copperfield)

5.4 Picaresque

Chronicles adventures of a rogue hero.
(e.g., Tom Jones)

5.5 Frame Narrative

Story within a story.
(e.g., Wuthering Heights)

🔷 6. NARRATOLOGY TERMS

6.1 Narrator Types

  • Reliable
  • Unreliable
  • Intrusive
  • Objective

6.2 Focalization

Who sees? Who narrates?
(Gérard Genette theory)

6.3 Fabula vs. Syuzhet

  • Fabula = raw events
  • Syuzhet = how events are arranged

🔷 7. RHETORICAL DEVICES

7.1 Ethos

Appeal to credibility.

7.2 Pathos

Appeal to emotion.

7.3 Logos

Appeal to logic.

7.4 Anaphora

Repetition at the beginning of clauses.
“I have a dream…”

7.5 Antithesis

Contrasting ideas in parallel form.
“To err is human; to forgive, divine.”

🔷 8. CRITICAL TERMS

8.1 Intertextuality

Texts referencing other texts.

8.2 Metafiction

Fiction that comments on its own fictionality.
(e.g., John Barth)

8.3 Hegemony

Dominance of one group/culture (Antonio Gramsci).

8.4 Ideology

Set of beliefs shaping society (Marxist concept).

8.5 Hybridity

Mixing of identities in postcolonial theory (Bhabha).

8.6 Orientalism

Western construction of the East (Edward Said).

8.7 Subaltern

Marginalized groups lacking representation (Spivak).

8.8 Deconstruction

Derrida’s method of reading:

  • Meaning is unstable
  • Texts undermine themselves
  • Binary oppositions collapse

🔷 9. GENRE TERMINOLOGY

9.1 Gothic

Dark, supernatural, mysterious (Radcliffe, Shelley).

9.2 Absurdist

Meaningless world, repetitive actions (Beckett).

9.3 Magical Realism

Blend of magic and reality (Marquez, Rushdie).

9.4 Utopian/Dystopian

Ideal vs. nightmarish futures (Huxley, Orwell).

9.5 Satire

Humor to expose vice (Swift).

9.6 Allegory

Symbolic story (Orwell’s Animal Farm).

UNIT 5 — PART 4

LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

1. What is Linguistics?

Linguistics is the scientific study of language—its structure, development, and use.

Branches of Linguistics:

  • Phonetics – physical sounds
  • Phonology – sound systems
  • Morphology – word formation
  • Syntax – sentence structure
  • Semantics – meaning
  • Pragmatics – meaning in context
  • Sociolinguistics – language & society
  • Psycholinguistics – language & mind
  • Applied Linguistics – language teaching, translation

🔷 2. PHONETICS

Phonetics studies speech sounds scientifically.

Three branches:

2.1 Articulatory Phonetics

How sounds are produced.

Organs of speech:

  • lungs
  • vocal cords
  • tongue
  • lips
  • teeth
  • palate, etc.

Classifications:

(A) Consonants

Determined by:

  1. Place of articulation
    • bilabial (p, b, m)
    • labiodental (f, v)
    • dental (θ, ð)
    • alveolar (t, d, s, z)
    • palatal (ʃ, Ê’)
    • velar (k, g)
    • glottal (h)
  2. Manner of articulation
    • plosive (p, t, k)
    • nasal (m, n)
    • fricative (f, s, h)
    • affricative (ch, j)
    • lateral (l)
    • approximant (r, w, j)
  3. Voicing
    • voiced (b, d, g, v, z)
    • voiceless (p, t, k, f, s)

(B) Vowels

Classified by:

  • tongue height (high, mid, low)
  • tongue position (front, central, back)
  • lip rounding

2.2 Acoustic Phonetics

Studies physical sound waves: frequency, amplitude.

2.3 Auditory Phonetics

Studies how the ear perceives sound.

🔷 3. PHONOLOGY

Phonology studies the sound system of a language.

Key Concepts:

3.1 Phoneme

The smallest sound unit that changes meaning.
pat / bat

3.2 Allophones

Variant sounds of the same phoneme.
(e.g., aspirated /pÊ°/ vs. unaspirated /p/)

3.3 Minimal Pair

Two words differing by one phoneme.
bin / pin

3.4 Syllable Structure

  • Onset
  • Nucleus
  • Coda

3.5 Stress

Certain syllables pronounced more strongly.

3.6 Intonation

Pitch pattern across sentences.
Used to show attitude, question, command.

🔷 4. MORPHOLOGY

Morphology studies word formation.

4.1 Morpheme

Smallest meaningful unit.

Types:

  • Free morphemes (root words like book, run)
  • Bound morphemes (prefixes/suffixes like re-, -ing)

4.2 Derivational morphology

Creates new words.
happy → happiness

4.3 Inflectional morphology

Adds grammatical markers.
walk → walks → walked

4.4 Word Formation Processes

  • Compounding (blackboard)
  • Blending (brunch)
  • Clipping (exam)
  • Coinage (google)
  • Back-formation (editor → edit)
  • Borrowing (bungalow, shampoo)

🔷 5. SYNTAX

Syntax studies sentence structure.

5.1 Phrase Structure Rules

Sentences consist of:

  • NP (noun phrase)
  • VP (verb phrase)
  • PP (prepositional phrase)

Example:
S → NP + VP

5.2 Types of Sentences

  • Declarative
  • Interrogative
  • Imperative
  • Exclamatory

5.3 Transformational Generative Grammar (Chomsky)

Concepts:

  • Deep structure
  • Surface structure
  • Transformations (e.g., question forms)

Example:
Deep: You are leaving.
Surface: Are you leaving?

5.4 Constituency Tests

  • Substitution
  • Movement
  • Coordination

🔷 6. SEMANTICS

Semantics studies meaning in language.

6.1 Types of Meaning

  • Denotative – literal meaning
  • Connotative – emotional or cultural meaning

6.2 Sense Relations

  • Synonymy (similar meanings)
  • Antonymy (opposites)
  • Homonymy (same spelling/sound, different meaning)
  • Polysemy (multiple related meanings)
  • Hyponymy (category relationships)

6.3 Semantic Roles

  • Agent
  • Patient
  • Theme
  • Experiencer
  • Instrument
  • Location

🔷 7. PRAGMATICS

Pragmatics studies meaning in context.

7.1 Speech Act Theory (Austin/Searle)

  • Locutionary act (literal utterance)
  • Illocutionary act (intended meaning)
  • Perlocutionary act (effect)

Types of speech acts:

  • Directive
  • Commissive
  • Expressive
  • Declarative
  • Assertive

7.2 Grice’s Cooperative Principle

Communication relies on four maxims:

  • Quantity – give enough info
  • Quality – be truthful
  • Relation – be relevant
  • Manner – be clear

7.3 Deixis

Words that need context:

  • person (I, you)
  • place (here, there)
  • time (now, then)

7.4 Implicature

Meaning implied but not stated directly.

🔷 8. SOCIOLINGUISTICS

8.1 Language Variation

  • Dialects
  • Accents
  • Registers
  • Idiolects

8.2 Code-Switching

Alternating between languages in conversation.

8.3 Diglossia

Two language varieties used in one community (High/Low forms).

8.4 Language and Power (Fairclough)

How language constructs social dominance.

🔷 9. PSYCHOLINGUISTICS

Studies how the brain processes language.

Topics:

  • Language acquisition
  • Language comprehension
  • Language production

🔷 10. LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

10.1 First Language Acquisition (Children)

Theories:

  • Behaviorism (Skinner) – imitation
  • Nativism (Chomsky) – LAD (Language Acquisition Device)
  • Interactionism – environment + innate ability

10.2 Second Language Acquisition (SLA)

Focuses on:

  • Input (Krashen)
  • Output
  • Affective factors (motivation, anxiety)

UNIT 5 — PART 5

ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING (ELT) — APPROACHES & METHODS

1. What is ELT?

English Language Teaching (ELT) is the theory and practice of teaching the English language in various learning environments:

  • schools
  • colleges
  • foreign language contexts
  • adult learning
  • online education

ELT draws from linguistics, psychology, pedagogy, technology, and communication studies.

🔷 2. Key Concepts in Language Teaching

Approach

A set of theories about language & learning.
(E.g., Structuralism, Communicative Approach)

Method

A systematic way of teaching based on an approach.
(E.g., Direct Method, CLT Method)

Technique

A specific classroom activity.
(E.g., role-play, drilling)

Curriculum

Overall educational plan.

Syllabus

Outline of language content to be taught.

🔷 3. Major Approaches in ELT

3.1 Structural Approach

Language = system of structures (pattern-based).

Focus:

  • sentence structures
  • grammar rules
  • pattern drills

Famous in India.

3.2 Communicative Approach (CLT)

Most widely used today.

Focus:

  • communication
  • fluency
  • real-life tasks
  • group work

Activities:

  • role play
  • discussions
  • information gaps

Emphasis on meaning > form.

3.3 Functional–Notional Approach

Created by Wilkins.

Focus:

  • language functions (inviting, refusing, apologizing)
  • notions (time, quantity, location)

Forms basis of many modern syllabi.

3.4 Behaviourist Approach (Skinner)

Focus on:

  • imitation
  • repetition
  • reinforcement

Leads to Audio-Lingual Method.

3.5 Cognitivist Approach (Chomsky, Piaget)

Language learning = mental cognitive process.

Emphasizes:

  • understanding
  • problem-solving
  • rule formation

3.6 Humanistic Approaches

Focus on emotions, motivation, personal growth.

Includes:

  • Suggestopaedia
  • Silent Way
  • Community Language Learning

3.7 Contrastive Analysis & Error Analysis

Used in SLA (Second Language Acquisition).

Contrastive Analysis (CA)
= Compare mother tongue with English.

Error Analysis (EA)
= Study mistakes to improve teaching.

🔷 4. Major Methods in ELT

4.1 Grammar Translation Method (GTM)

Oldest, still widely used.

Features:

  • focus on grammar rules
  • translation exercises
  • reading & writing priority
  • teacher-centered

Limitations:

  • poor speaking skills
  • no real-life communication

4.2 Direct Method

No mother tongue allowed.

Features:

  • target language only
  • everyday vocabulary
  • inductive grammar
  • natural pronunciation

Used in language institutes.

4.3 Audio-Lingual Method (ALM)

Based on behaviourism.

Features:

  • pattern drills
  • memorization
  • dialogues
  • habit formation

Strength:

  • accurate pronunciation
    Weakness:
  • mechanical, no creativity

4.4 Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)

Most important for TRB.

Features:

  • interaction
  • group/pair work
  • fluency focus
  • meaningful tasks

Teacher = facilitator
Learner = active participant

4.5 Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT)

Variation of CLT.

Learners complete real-life tasks:

  • writing email
  • planning a trip
  • solving a problem

Stages:

  1. Pre-task
  2. Task
  3. Post-task

4.6 Community Language Learning (CLL) — by Charles Curran

Teacher = counselor
Students = clients

Focus on:

  • emotional safety
  • group bonding
  • student-centered learning

4.7 Silent Way — by Caleb Gattegno

Teacher remains silent most of the time.

Tools:

  • Cuisenaire rods
  • sound-color chart

Focus on learner independence.

4.8 Suggestopaedia — by Lozanov

Uses:

  • music
  • relaxation
  • comfortable environment

Purpose: reduce psychological barriers.

4.9 Lexical Approach — by Michael Lewis

Language = chunks (collocations), not grammar.

Examples:

  • "make a choice"
  • "take a break"
  • "by the way"

4.10 Natural Approach — by Krashen & Terrell

Similar to first-language learning.

Principles:

  • lots of comprehensible input
  • no forced speaking
  • low anxiety (affective filter)

🔷 5. Teaching of Language Skills

5.1 Listening

Types:

  • intensive
  • extensive
  • active

Activities:

  • note-taking
  • listening to instructions
  • audio/video clips

5.2 Speaking

Techniques:

  • role-play
  • debates
  • interviews
  • storytelling

Focus on:

  • fluency
  • pronunciation
  • communication strategies

5.3 Reading

Types:

  • skimming
  • scanning
  • extensive
  • intensive

Activities:

  • comprehension tasks
  • predicting
  • summarizing

5.4 Writing

Skills:

  • coherence
  • cohesion
  • paragraph writing
  • essay writing

Activities:

  • guided writing
  • process writing
  • editing practice

🔷 6. Testing & Evaluation

Types:

  • Formative (during course)
  • Summative (end test)
  • Diagnostic (before course)
  • Achievement test
  • Proficiency test (TOEFL, IELTS)

Qualities of a good test:

  • validity
  • reliability
  • practicality

🔷 7. Technology in ELT

(Asked in TRB & NET frequently)

Modern tools:

  • smart boards
  • language labs
  • multimedia
  • mobile apps
  • CALL (Computer-Assisted Language Learning)
  • MALL (Mobile-Assisted Language Learning)
  • LMS (Moodle, Google Classroom)
  • AI tools (ChatGPT, Grammarly)

Benefits:

  • personalization
  • interactivity
  • blended learning

🔷 8. Curriculum & Syllabus Types

Syllabus Types:

  • Structural syllabus
  • Situational syllabus
  • Functional-notional syllabus
  • Task-based syllabus
  • Lexical syllabus
  • Content-based syllabus

Curriculum

Includes:

  • aims
  • content
  • methodology
  • assessment
  • materials
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