UNIT – I PROSE BACON’S – OF TRUTH

 

UNIT – I PROSE

BACON’S – OF TRUTH

OF TRUTH

What is truth? said jesting Pilate, and would not stay for an answer.

Certainly there be, that delight in giddiness, and count it a bondage to fix

a belief; affecting free–will in thinking, as well as in acting. And though

the sects of philosophers of that kind be gone, yet there remain certain

discoursing wits, which are of the same veins, though there be not so

much blood in them, as was in those of the ancients. But it is not only the

difficulty and labor, which men take in finding out of truth, nor again,

that when it is found, it imposeth upon men’s thoughts, that doth bring

lies in favor; but a natural though corrupt love, of the lie itself. One of the

later school of the Grecians, examineth the matter, and is at a stand, to

think what should be in it, that men should love lies; where neither they

make for pleasure, as with poets, nor for advantage, as with the

merchant; but for the lie’s sake. But I cannot tell; this same truth, is a

naked, and open day–light, that doth not show the masks, and

mummeries, and triumphs, of the world, half so stately and daintily as

candle–lights. Truth may perhaps come to the price of a pearl, that

showeth best by day; but it will not rise to the price of a diamond, or

carbuncle, that showeth best in varied lights. A mixture of a lie doth ever

add pleasure. Doth any man doubt, that if there were taken out of men’s

minds, vain opinions, flattering hopes, false valuations, imaginations as

one would, and the like, but it would leave the minds, of a number of

men, poor shrunken things, full of melancholy and indisposition, and

unpleasing to themselves?

One of the fathers, in great severity, called poesy vinum doemonum,

because it filleth the imagination; and yet, it is but with the shadow of a

lie. But it is not the lie that passeth through the mind, but the lie that

sinketh in, and settleth in it, that doth the hurt; such as we spake of

before. But, howsoever these things are thus in men’s depraved

judgments, and affections, yet truth, which only doth judge itself,

teacheth that the inquiry of truth, which is the love–making, or wooing of

it, the knowledge of truth, which is the presence of it, and the belief of

truth, which is the enjoying of it, is the sovereign good of human nature.

The first creature of God, in the works of the days, was the light of the

sense; the last, was the light of reason; and his sabbath work ever since,

is the illumination of his Spirit. First he breathed light, upon the face of

the matter or chaos; then he breathed light, into the face of man; and still

he breatheth and inspireth light, into the face of his chosen. The poet,

that beautified the sect, that was otherwise inferior to the rest, saith yet

excellently well: It is a pleasure, to stand upon the shore, and to see ships

tossed upon the sea; a pleasure, to stand in the window of a castle, and

to see a battle, and the adventures thereof below: but no pleasure is

comparable to the standing upon the vantage ground of truth (a hill not

to be commanded, and where the air is always clear and serene), and to

see the errors, and wanderings, and mists, and tempests, in the vale

below; so always that this prospect be with pity, and not with swelling, or

pride. Certainly, it is heaven upon earth, to have a man’s mind move in

charity, rest in providence, and turn upon the poles of truth.

To pass from theological, and philosophical truth, to the truth of civil

business; it will be acknowledged, even by those that practise it not, that

clear, and round dealing, is the honor of man’s nature; and that mixture

of falsehoods, is like alloy in coin of gold and silver, which may make the

metal work the better, but it embaseth it. For these winding, and crooked

courses, are the goings of the serpent; which goeth basely upon the

belly, and not upon the feet. There is no vice, that doth so cover a man

with shame, as to be found false and perfidious. And therefore Montaigne

saith prettily, when he inquired the reason, why the word of the lie should

be such a disgrace, and such an odious charge? Saith he, If it be well

weighed, to say that a man lieth, is as much to say, as that he is brave

towards God, and a coward towards men. For a lie faces God, and shrinks

from man. Surely the wickedness of falsehood, and breach of faith,

cannot possibly be so highly expressed, as in that it shall be the last peal,

to call the judgments of God upon the generations of men; it being

foretold, that when Christ cometh, he shall not find faith upon the earth.

*********

Detailed Summary of Francis Bacon's 'Of Truth'

Francis Bacon's essay "Of Truth" is a profound exploration of humanity's complex relationship with truth and falsehood. It delves into why people often prefer lies, the inherent value of truth, and its implications across various spheres of life—from philosophy and theology to civil conduct.

1. The Human Inclination Towards Falsehood: Bacon opens with the cynical question posed by "jesting Pilate," "What is truth?", implying that many, like Pilate, are not genuinely interested in waiting for an answer. He observes that some people "delight in giddiness" and view a fixed belief as a "bondage," preferring a kind of intellectual free-will. While the ancient philosophical sects that promoted such skepticism are gone, their spirit lives on in "discoursing wits" who lack the intellectual depth of their predecessors.

Bacon then asserts that the preference for lies is not merely due to the difficulty of finding truth or the demands truth places on one's thoughts. Instead, he identifies a deeper, more fundamental reason: "a natural though corrupt love, of the lie itself." He cites a "later school of the Grecians" who were perplexed by this phenomenon, noting that men often love lies even when they offer neither pleasure (as with poets) nor advantage (as with merchants), but simply "for the lie's sake."

2. Truth vs. Illusion and the Pleasure of Lies: Bacon elaborates on why lies are appealing. He describes truth as "a naked, and open day-light," which, unlike "candle-lights," does not flatter or enhance the "masks, and mummeries, and triumphs, of the world." Truth reveals things plainly, stripping away the artificial grandeur that illusions provide. He uses the analogy of gems: truth is like a pearl, which "showeth best by day" in its simple purity, but it won't achieve the dazzling, varied sparkle of a diamond or carbuncle, which "showeth best in varied lights"—a metaphor for the deceptive allure of falsehood.

The essay argues that "a mixture of a lie doth ever add pleasure." If one were to strip away all "vain opinions, flattering hopes, false valuations, imaginations as one would," men's minds would be left "poor shrunken things, full of melancholy and indisposition, and unpleasing to themselves." This suggests that humans often rely on comforting illusions and self-deceptions for their psychological well-being.

3. The Nature of Hurtful Lies and the Sovereign Good of Truth: Bacon distinguishes between different kinds of lies. He acknowledges that "poesy" (poetry) was called "vinum doemonum" (wine of demons) by some Church Fathers because it "filleth the imagination," but he considers poetic untruths to be merely "the shadow of a lie"—less harmful because they are not intended as moral deceptions. The real "hurt" comes from the lie that "sinketh in, and settleth in" the mind, becoming a deeply ingrained belief that corrupts judgment and affections.

Despite humanity's depraved judgments, Bacon asserts that truth, which "only doth judge itself," teaches that the pursuit, knowledge, and belief of truth constitute "the sovereign good of human nature." He describes this as a three-stage process:

·         Inquiry of truth: "the love-making, or wooing of it" (the active, passionate pursuit).

·         Knowledge of truth: "the presence of it" (the attainment and possession of truth).

·         Belief of truth: "the enjoying of it" (the internalization and benefit derived from it).

4. God's Light and the Vantage Ground of Truth: Bacon connects truth to divine creation, tracing the progression of God's light: first, the "light of the sense" (physical light, enabling perception), then the "light of reason" (intellectual understanding), and finally, the "illumination of his Spirit" (spiritual insight).

He then introduces a famous metaphor, quoting (and subtly reinterpreting) the Epicurean poet Lucretius. It is a pleasure, Lucretius says, to stand on the shore and watch ships tossed at sea, or from a castle window to observe a battle below. However, Bacon asserts that "no pleasure is comparable to the standing upon the vantage ground of truth." This "vantage ground" is a "hill not to be commanded," where the air is always "clear and serene." From this elevated perspective, one can observe "the errors, and wanderings, and mists, and tempests, in the vale below"—a metaphor for human ignorance, confusion, and moral turmoil. Crucially, this observation must be made "with pity, and not with swelling, or pride," emphasizing the importance of compassion and humility when one perceives the follies of others. Bacon concludes this section by stating that it is "heaven upon earth" to have a mind guided by charity, trust in divine providence, and centered on the principles of truth.

5. Truth in Civil Business and the Ultimate Shame of Falsehood: Bacon transitions from theological and philosophical truth to "the truth of civil business," acknowledging that even those who don't practice it will admit that "clear, and round dealing" (honesty and straightforwardness) is "the honor of man's nature." He compares a "mixture of falsehoods" to "alloy in coin of gold and silver," which might make the metal "work the better" (be more pliable or practical) but ultimately "embaseth it" (lowers its value and purity).

He condemns "winding, and crooked courses" (deceitful practices) as the "goings of the serpent," which moves "basely upon the belly, and not upon the feet," symbolizing degradation and cunning. Bacon declares that "no vice, that doth so cover a man with shame, as to be found false and perfidious."

He cites Montaigne, who pondered why lying carried such a profound disgrace. Montaigne's answer, which Bacon finds "prettily" stated, is that to call a man a liar is to say "that he is brave towards God, and a coward towards men." This paradox is explained: "For a lie faces God, and shrinks from man," meaning the liar presumes to defy divine truth but fears exposure and condemnation from fellow humans.

6. The Final Judgment: Bacon concludes with a stark warning about the ultimate consequences of falsehood. He states that the wickedness of falsehood and breach of faith "cannot possibly be so highly expressed, as in that it shall be the last peal, to call the judgments of God upon the generations of men." He references the biblical prophecy that when Christ comes, "he shall not find faith upon the earth," implying that a pervasive lack of truth and integrity will be the final sign of humanity's spiritual decay, leading to divine judgment.

In essence, "Of Truth" champions truth as the highest good, essential for both individual well-being and societal integrity, while lamenting humanity's inherent, yet corrupt, attraction to the comforting illusions and practical advantages offered by falsehood.

 

Of Truth: 200 Objective Questions & Answers for PGTRB Exam

Section 1: The Nature of Truth and the Love of Lies

1. Who is quoted at the beginning of the essay asking "What is truth?" A. Socrates B. Plato C. Jesting Pilate D. Aristotle
• Answer: C. Jesting Pilate
• Reason: The essay opens with: "What is truth? said jesting Pilate."
2. What did Jesting Pilate do after asking "What is truth?" A. He waited patiently for an answer. B. He "would not stay for an answer." C. He provided his own answer. D. He turned to another person.
• Answer: B. He "would not stay for an answer."
• Reason: The text states Pilate "would not stay for an answer."
3. Some people "delight in giddiness" and consider what to be a bondage? A. To speak freely. B. To travel widely. C. To fix a belief. D. To earn a living.
• Answer: C. To fix a belief.
• Reason: The essay notes some "count it a bondage to fix a belief."
4. These individuals affect "free-will" in what two aspects? A. Speaking and listening. B. Thinking and acting. C. Reading and writing. D. Loving and hating.
• Answer: B. Thinking and acting.
• Reason: They are "affecting free–will in thinking, as well as in acting."
5. Though the sects of philosophers of that kind are gone, what remains? A. Certain religious orders. B. Certain "discoursing wits." C. Certain political factions. D. Certain ancient texts.
• Answer: B. Certain "discoursing wits."
• Reason: The essay states "yet there remain certain discoursing wits."
6. These remaining "discoursing wits" are of the same "veins" as the ancient philosophers, but with less what? A. Wisdom. B. Influence. C. "Blood." D. Followers.
• Answer: C. "Blood."
• Reason: They have "not so much blood in them, as was in those of the ancients."
7. What is NOT the only reason lies are favored, according to Bacon? A. The difficulty and labor of finding truth. B. The imposition truth places on thoughts. C. A natural, though corrupt, love of the lie itself. D. The desire for material gain.
• Answer: D. The desire for material gain.
• Reason: The text lists difficulty, imposition, and corrupt love of the lie, but not material gain as the only reasons.
8. What is the primary reason Bacon identifies for men loving lies? A. They are easier to remember. B. A "natural though corrupt love, of the lie itself." C. They always bring advantage. D. They are less controversial.
• Answer: B. A "natural though corrupt love, of the lie itself."
• Reason: Bacon states it's "a natural though corrupt love, of the lie itself."
9. A "later school of the Grecians" examined the matter of loving lies and was "at a stand" to understand why, especially since lies don't always make for what two things? A. Fame or power. B. Pleasure or advantage. C. Knowledge or wisdom. D. Health or wealth.
• Answer: B. Pleasure or advantage.
• Reason: The Grecians wondered why men love lies "where neither they make for pleasure, as with poets, nor for advantage, as with the merchant."
10. According to Bacon, poets use lies for what purpose? A. To deceive. B. To gain advantage. C. To create "pleasure." D. To spread propaganda.
• Answer: C. To create "pleasure."
• Reason: Lies with poets "make for pleasure."
11. Merchants use lies for what purpose? A. To entertain. B. To gain "advantage." C. To tell stories. D. To confuse.
• Answer: B. To gain "advantage."
• Reason: Lies with merchants make "for advantage."
12. The "later school of the Grecians" was puzzled by men loving lies "for the lie's sake." (True/False)
• Answer: True
• Reason: They were at a stand "to think what should be in it, that men should love lies... but for the lie’s sake."
13. How does Bacon describe truth in comparison to "masks, and mummeries, and triumphs"? A. It shows them more clearly. B. It shows them "half so stately and daintily as candle-lights." C. It hides them completely. D. It transforms them into something else.
• Answer: B. It shows them "half so stately and daintily as candle-lights."
• Reason: Truth "doth not show the masks... half so stately and daintily as candle–lights."
14. Truth is compared to the price of a pearl because a pearl shows best in what kind of light? A. Varied lights. B. Candle-light. C. Moonlight. D. Day.
• Answer: D. Day.
• Reason: Truth "showeth best by day."
15. Truth will NOT rise to the price of what two gems, which show best in varied lights? A. Ruby and sapphire. B. Emerald and topaz. C. Diamond or carbuncle. D. Amethyst and opal.
• Answer: C. Diamond or carbuncle.
• Reason: Truth "will not rise to the price of a diamond, or carbuncle, that showeth best in varied lights."
16. What does a "mixture of a lie" always add? A. Confusion. B. Difficulty. C. "Pleasure." D. Sadness.
• Answer: C. "Pleasure."
• Reason: "A mixture of a lie doth ever add pleasure."
17. If "vain opinions, flattering hopes, false valuations" were removed from men's minds, what would be the result? A. Minds would become clear and joyful. B. Minds would be "poor shrunken things, full of melancholy and indisposition." C. Minds would be filled with truth. D. Minds would cease to function.
• Answer: B. Minds would be "poor shrunken things, full of melancholy and indisposition."
• Reason: The text describes them as "poor shrunken things, full of melancholy and indisposition."
18. These "poor shrunken things" (minds without lies) would also be "unpleasing to themselves." (True/False)
• Answer: True
• Reason: They would be "unpleasing to themselves."

Section 2: Poesy, God's Light, and the Sovereign Good

19. What did "One of the fathers" (of the Church) call poesy in great severity? A. A divine art. B. "Vinum doemonum." C. A dangerous pastime. D. A form of prayer.
• Answer: B. "Vinum doemonum."
• Reason: "One of the fathers... called poesy vinum doemonum."
20. Why did this "father" call poesy "vinum doemonum"? A. Because it promotes evil. B. Because it "filleth the imagination." C. Because it leads to idleness. D. Because it is a form of idolatry.
• Answer: B. Because it "filleth the imagination."
• Reason: He called it "vinum doemonum, because it filleth the imagination."
21. Poesy is described as being "but with the shadow of a lie." (True/False)
• Answer: True
• Reason: "yet, it is but with the shadow of a lie."
22. Which type of lie causes the most "hurt"? A. The lie that "passeth through the mind." B. The lie that is spoken aloud. C. The lie that "sinketh in, and settleth in it." D. The lie that is forgotten.
• Answer: C. The lie that "sinketh in, and settleth in it."
• Reason: "But it is not the lie that passeth through the mind, but the lie that sinketh in, and settleth in it, that doth the hurt."
23. What is the unique characteristic of truth mentioned in this paragraph? A. It is difficult to find. B. It "only doth judge itself." C. It is always pleasant. D. It is universally accepted.
• Answer: B. It "only doth judge itself."
• Reason: "truth, which only doth judge itself."
24. What are the three aspects of truth that constitute "the sovereign good of human nature"? A. Reading, writing, and speaking. B. Inquiry, knowledge, and belief. C. Pleasure, advantage, and power. D. Seeing, hearing, and feeling.
• Answer: B. Inquiry, knowledge, and belief.
• Reason: "the inquiry of truth... the knowledge of truth... and the belief of truth, which is the enjoying of it, is the sovereign good."
25. The "inquiry of truth" is compared to what? A. A difficult journey. B. A scientific experiment. C. "The love-making, or wooing of it." D. A legal trial.
• Answer: C. "The love-making, or wooing of it."
• Reason: "the inquiry of truth, which is the love–making, or wooing of it."
26. The "knowledge of truth" is compared to what? A. The pursuit of wisdom. B. "The presence of it." C. The act of discovery. D. The accumulation of facts.
• Answer: B. "The presence of it."
• Reason: "the knowledge of truth, which is the presence of it."
27. The "belief of truth" is compared to what? A. A firm conviction. B. A religious dogma. C. "The enjoying of it." D. A logical conclusion.
• Answer: C. "The enjoying of it."
• Reason: "the belief of truth, which is the enjoying of it."
28. What was the "first creature of God, in the works of the days"? A. Man. B. The heavens. C. The "light of the sense." D. The earth.
• Answer: C. The "light of the sense."
• Reason: "The first creature of God, in the works of the days, was the light of the sense."
29. What was the "last" creature of God in the works of the days? A. Animals. B. Plants. C. The "light of reason." D. The stars.
• Answer: C. The "light of reason."
• Reason: "the last, was the light of reason."
30. What is God's "sabbath work ever since"? A. The creation of new species. B. The judgment of mankind. C. "The illumination of his Spirit." D. The maintenance of the universe.
• Answer: C. "The illumination of his Spirit."
• Reason: "and his sabbath work ever since, is the illumination of his Spirit."
31. God first breathed light upon the face of what? A. Man. B. The "matter or chaos." C. The firmament. D. The waters.
• Answer: B. The "matter or chaos."
• Reason: "First he breathed light, upon the face of the matter or chaos."
32. Then God breathed light into the face of whom? A. His chosen. B. Angels. C. "Man." D. Prophets.
• Answer: C. "Man."
• Reason: "then he breathed light, into the face of man."
33. What does God "still" breathe and inspire into the face of his chosen? A. Wisdom. B. Love. C. "Light." D. Hope.
• Answer: C. "Light."
• Reason: "and still he breatheth and inspireth light, into the face of his chosen."
34. The poet who "beautified the sect, that was otherwise inferior to the rest" is generally understood to be whom? A. Homer. B. Virgil. C. Lucretius. D. Ovid.
• Answer: C. Lucretius.
• Reason: Lucretius was an Epicurean poet, a sect often considered inferior, whom Bacon admired for his poetry.
35. The poet says it is a pleasure to stand upon the shore and see what tossed upon the sea? A. Fish. B. Waves. C. "Ships." D. Storms.
• Answer: C. "Ships."
• Reason: "It is a pleasure, to stand upon the shore, and to see ships tossed upon the sea."
36. It is also a pleasure, according to the poet, to stand in the window of a castle and see what below? A. A feast. B. A parade. C. "A battle, and the adventures thereof." D. A market.
• Answer: C. "A battle, and the adventures thereof."
• Reason: "a pleasure, to stand in the window of a castle, and to see a battle, and the adventures thereof below."
37. What does the poet say no pleasure is comparable to? A. Standing on a mountain peak. B. Standing on the "vantage ground of truth." C. Standing in a garden. D. Standing by a calm lake.
• Answer: B. Standing on the "vantage ground of truth."
• Reason: "but no pleasure is comparable to the standing upon the vantage ground of truth."
38. The "vantage ground of truth" is described as a hill that cannot be what? A. Climbed. B. Seen. C. "Commanded." D. Left.
• Answer: C. "Commanded."
• Reason: It is "a hill not to be commanded."
39. On the "vantage ground of truth," the air is always described as what? A. Cold and windy. B. Clear and serene. C. Misty and damp. D. Warm and humid.
• Answer: B. Clear and serene.
• Reason: "where the air is always clear and serene."
40. From the "vantage ground of truth," one can see what in the "vale below"? A. Cities and towns. B. "The errors, and wanderings, and mists, and tempests." C. Rivers and forests. D. People living happily.
• Answer: B. "The errors, and wanderings, and mists, and tempests."
• Reason: "and to see the errors, and wanderings, and mists, and tempests, in the vale below."
41. What condition must accompany this prospect from the vantage ground of truth? A. It must be with "swelling, or pride." B. It must be with "pity, and not with swelling, or pride." C. It must be with joy and celebration. D. It must be with indifference.
• Answer: B. It must be with "pity, and not with swelling, or pride."
• Reason: "so always that this prospect be with pity, and not with swelling, or pride."
42. What does Bacon call "heaven upon earth"? A. To have great wealth. B. To have a mind move in charity, rest in providence, and turn upon the poles of truth. C. To achieve great fame. D. To live a life of solitude.
• Answer: B. To have a mind move in charity, rest in providence, and turn upon the poles of truth.
• Reason: "Certainly, it is heaven upon earth, to have a man’s mind move in charity, rest in providence, and turn upon the poles of truth."

Section 3: Truth in Civil Business and Consequences of Falsehood

43. In "civil business," what is acknowledged as "the honor of man's nature"? A. Clever negotiation. B. "Clear, and round dealing." C. Strategic deception. D. Accumulation of power.
• Answer: B. "Clear, and round dealing."
• Reason: "clear, and round dealing, is the honor of man’s nature."
44. A "mixture of falsehoods" in civil business is compared to what in "coin of gold and silver"? A. Polish. B. "Alloy." C. Engraving. D. Weight.
• Answer: B. "Alloy."
• Reason: "mixture of falsehoods, is like alloy in coin of gold and silver."
45. What effect might alloy have on metal, even though it "embaseth it"? A. It makes it shine brighter. B. It makes it "work the better." C. It makes it heavier. D. It makes it more valuable.
• Answer: B. It makes it "work the better."
• Reason: Alloy "may make the metal work the better, but it embaseth it."
46. "Winding, and crooked courses" are described as the goings of what creature? A. The fox. B. The lion. C. The "serpent." D. The spider.
• Answer: C. The "serpent."
• Reason: "For these winding, and crooked courses, are the goings of the serpent."
47. How does the serpent move, according to the text? A. Swiftly through the trees. B. "Basely upon the belly, and not upon the feet." C. Silently in the grass. D. With great power.
• Answer: B. "Basely upon the belly, and not upon the feet."
• Reason: The serpent "goeth basely upon the belly, and not upon the feet."
48. What vice "doth so cover a man with shame"? A. Anger. B. Envy. C. To be found "false and perfidious." D. Greed.
• Answer: C. To be found "false and perfidious."
• Reason: "There is no vice, that doth so cover a man with shame, as to be found false and perfidious."
49. Who is quoted as inquiring why the word "lie" should be such a disgrace? A. Seneca. B. Cicero. C. Montaigne. D. Plutarch.
• Answer: C. Montaigne.
• Reason: "And therefore Montaigne saith prettily, when he inquired the reason."
50. According to Montaigne, to say a man "lieth" is to say he is brave towards whom? A. His enemies. B. His friends. C. "God." D. Himself.
• Answer: C. "God."
• Reason: "to say that a man lieth, is as much to say, as that he is brave towards God."
51. According to Montaigne, to say a man "lieth" is to say he is a coward towards whom? A. His family. B. "Men." C. His superiors. D. His conscience.
• Answer: B. "Men."
• Reason: "and a coward towards men."
52. A lie "faces God, and shrinks from man." (True/False)
• Answer: True
• Reason: "For a lie faces God, and shrinks from man."
53. The wickedness of falsehood and breach of faith is said to be the "last peal" to call what upon the generations of men? A. Blessings. B. Prosperity. C. "The judgments of God." D. Peace.
• Answer: C. "The judgments of God."
• Reason: "it shall be the last peal, to call the judgments of God upon the generations of men."
54. What is foretold about Christ's coming? A. He will find great faith. B. He will find many followers. C. He "shall not find faith upon the earth." D. He will bring a new era of truth.
• Answer: C. He "shall not find faith upon the earth."
• Reason: "it being foretold, that when Christ cometh, he shall not find faith upon the earth."

Section 4: Detailed Analysis & Inferences

55. The phrase "jesting Pilate" implies that Pilate was: A. Serious about philosophical inquiry. B. Indifferent or cynical about truth. C. Eager to learn the truth. D. Trying to be humorous.
• Answer: B. Indifferent or cynical about truth.
• Reason: "Jesting" combined with "would not stay for an answer" suggests a lack of serious regard for truth.
56. Those who "delight in giddiness" prefer what state of mind? A. Stability. B. Certainty. C. Flux and change. D. Deep contemplation.
• Answer: C. Flux and change.
• Reason: "Giddiness" implies a preference for instability and lack of fixed belief.
57. The "discoursing wits" are described as having less "blood" than the ancients. This suggests they have less: A. Physical strength. B. Vitality or intellectual vigor. C. Family lineage. D. Emotional depth. * Answer: B. Vitality or intellectual vigor. * Reason: "Blood" here metaphorically refers to the intellectual and moral substance or energy.
58. Bacon argues that the love of lies is not merely practical or intellectual, but: A. A social construct. B. A "natural though corrupt love." C. A learned behavior. D. A temporary phase.
• Answer: B. A "natural though corrupt love."
• Reason: This phrase directly identifies the inherent, flawed nature of the love for lies.
59. The "later school of the Grecians" refers to a philosophical school that focused on ethics and human nature. (True/False)
• Answer: True
• Reason: Their examination of why men love lies (not for pleasure/advantage) points to a focus on human psychology and ethics.
60. The comparison of truth to "naked, and open day-light" suggests truth is: A. Difficult to perceive. B. Unadorned and revealing. C. Hidden and mysterious. D. Only for the enlightened.
• Answer: B. Unadorned and revealing.
• Reason: "Naked" and "open day-light" imply clarity, lack of disguise, and full exposure.
61. "Masks, and mummeries, and triumphs" represent what aspects of the world? A. Genuine celebrations. B. Deceptions, superficial displays, and fleeting glories. C. Religious rituals. D. Artistic performances.
• Answer: B. Deceptions, superficial displays, and fleeting glories.
• Reason: These terms collectively refer to theatricality, pretense, and showy but often empty displays.
62. The preference for "candle-lights" over "day-light" for showing "masks" implies a preference for: A. Clarity. B. Obscurity or artificial enhancement. C. Natural beauty. D. Scientific precision.
• Answer: B. Obscurity or artificial enhancement.
• Reason: Candle-light creates shadows and highlights, making things appear more dramatic or beautiful than they are in plain daylight.
63. The comparison of truth to a pearl (best by day) suggests truth's beauty is: A. Subtle and requires careful observation. B. Enhanced by artificial means. C. Obvious and inherent in clear conditions. D. Only appreciated by a few.
• Answer: C. Obvious and inherent in clear conditions.
• Reason: A pearl's beauty is simple and pure, best seen in natural, clear light.
64. The comparison of diamonds or carbuncles (best in varied lights) implies that falsehoods or mixtures of lies are often valued for their: A. Simplicity. B. Pure essence. C. Glitter, complexity, and deceptive sparkle. D. Honesty.
• Answer: C. Glitter, complexity, and deceptive sparkle.
• Reason: Varied lights make these gems sparkle and change, suggesting a deceptive attractiveness.
65. The statement "A mixture of a lie doth ever add pleasure" suggests that humans have a psychological inclination towards: A. Pure honesty. B. Self-deception or comforting illusions. C. Strict rationality. D. Moral rectitude.
• Answer: B. Self-deception or comforting illusions.
• Reason: The "pleasure" comes from the comforting or flattering aspect of the lie.
66. If "vain opinions, flattering hopes, false valuations" were removed, men's minds would be "unpleasing to themselves" because: A. They would be too logical. B. They would lack comforting illusions and self-deceptions. C. They would be too critical of others. D. They would be too busy.
• Answer: B. They would lack comforting illusions and self-deceptions.
• Reason: These elements are the "sweeteners" that make reality more palatable to the individual.
67. The "shadow of a lie" in poesy suggests that poetic untruths are: A. Deeply harmful. B. Superficial and less malicious. C. Completely harmless. D. More dangerous than direct lies.
• Answer: B. Superficial and less malicious.
• Reason: A "shadow" implies a less substantial or less damaging form of untruth.
68. The distinction between a lie that "passeth through the mind" and one that "sinketh in" highlights the difference between: A. Conscious and unconscious lies. B. Transient thoughts and deeply held beliefs. C. Spoken and unspoken lies. D. Intentional and unintentional lies.
• Answer: B. Transient thoughts and deeply held beliefs.
• Reason: "Passeth through" implies fleeting, while "sinketh in, and settleth" implies internalization and conviction.
69. "Truth, which only doth judge itself" implies truth's inherent: A. Subjectivity. B. Autonomy and self-validation. C. Rigidity. D. Complexity.
• Answer: B. Autonomy and self-validation.
• Reason: It means truth does not require external validation or judgment.
70. The "sovereign good of human nature" is achieved through a three-stage process involving truth. (True/False)
• Answer: True
• Reason: The three stages are inquiry, knowledge, and belief of truth.
71. The "love-making, or wooing" of truth refers to the act of: A. Accepting it passively. B. Passionately seeking and pursuing it. C. Debating it publicly. D. Ignoring it.
• Answer: B. Passionately seeking and pursuing it.
• Reason: "Love-making" and "wooing" imply active, passionate pursuit.
72. The "presence" of truth refers to the act of: A. Inquiring about it. B. Knowing it. C. Believing it. D. Disproving it.
• Answer: B. Knowing it.
• Reason: "the knowledge of truth, which is the presence of it."
73. The "enjoying" of truth refers to the act of: A. Inquiring about it. B. Knowing it. C. Believing it. D. Debating it.
• Answer: C. Believing it.
• Reason: "the belief of truth, which is the enjoying of it."
74. The progression of God's light from "light of the sense" to "light of reason" and then "illumination of his Spirit" suggests a movement from: A. Physical to intellectual to spiritual enlightenment. B. Chaos to order. C. Darkness to light. D. Ignorance to knowledge.
• Answer: A. Physical to intellectual to spiritual enlightenment.
• Reason: This sequence reflects a hierarchy of understanding and divine revelation.
75. The phrase "he breathed light, upon the face of the matter or chaos" alludes to what biblical event? A. The creation of man. B. The Flood. C. The first day of Creation (Genesis 1:2-3). D. The giving of the Law.
• Answer: C. The first day of Creation (Genesis 1:2-3).
• Reason: This directly references God bringing light out of primordial chaos.
76. The "poet, that beautified the sect, that was otherwise inferior to the rest" is a reference to Lucretius and his Epicurean philosophy. (True/False)
• Answer: True
• Reason: This is a well-known allusion in Bacon's work to Lucretius's De rerum natura.
77. The "vantage ground of truth" is described as a hill that is "not to be commanded." This implies that truth is: A. Easily accessible. B. Subject to human will. C. Independent and supreme. D. Dangerous to approach.
• Answer: C. Independent and supreme.
• Reason: "Not to be commanded" implies it is beyond human control or dictation.
78. Seeing "the errors, and wanderings, and mists, and tempests, in the vale below" from the vantage ground of truth symbolizes: A. Physical dangers in the world. B. The intellectual and moral confusions of mankind. C. Meteorological phenomena. D. The chaos of nature.
• Answer: B. The intellectual and moral confusions of mankind.
• Reason: These terms are metaphors for human folly, uncertainty, and turmoil.
79. The condition that this prospect be "with pity, and not with swelling, or pride" emphasizes the importance of: A. Emotional detachment. B. Compassion and humility. C. Intellectual superiority. D. Self-congratulation.
• Answer: B. Compassion and humility.
• Reason: It warns against arrogance when one perceives others' mistakes.
80. To have a man's mind "move in charity" means to: A. Be generous with money. B. Act with love and benevolence. C. Be involved in charitable organizations. D. Think only of oneself.
• Answer: B. Act with love and benevolence.
• Reason: "Charity" in this context refers to Christian love and goodwill towards others.
81. To have a man's mind "rest in providence" means to: A. Be lazy and inactive. B. Trust in divine care and foresight. C. Rely on luck. D. Be constantly anxious.
• Answer: B. Trust in divine care and foresight.
• Reason: "Providence" refers to God's guiding hand in human affairs.
82. To have a man's mind "turn upon the poles of truth" means to: A. Be rigid and unyielding. B. Be centered and guided by truth. C. Be constantly changing its beliefs. D. Be isolated from others.
• Answer: B. Be centered and guided by truth.
• Reason: "Poles" suggests a fixed axis around which thought revolves.
83. "Clear, and round dealing" in civil business implies dealing that is: A. Complicated and strategic. B. Secretive and deceptive. C. Honest, direct, and straightforward. D. Always profitable.
• Answer: C. Honest, direct, and straightforward.
• Reason: "Clear" and "round" suggest transparency and completeness, without hidden corners.
84. The comparison of falsehoods to "alloy in coin" suggests that falsehoods: A. Increase the intrinsic value of human nature. B. Enhance the purity of human nature. C. Debase or corrupt human nature, even if they offer practical benefits. D. Are essential for human nature to function.
• Answer: C. Debase or corrupt human nature, even if they offer practical benefits.
• Reason: Alloy "embaseth" the metal, meaning it lowers its purity and value.
85. "Winding, and crooked courses" are condemned because they are associated with: A. Innovation. B. Deceit and baseness. C. Efficiency. D. Flexibility.
• Answer: B. Deceit and baseness.
• Reason: They are likened to the serpent moving "basely upon the belly."
86. The serpent moving "basely upon the belly, and not upon the feet" symbolizes: A. Humility. B. A lack of uprightness and dignity. C. Speed. D. Stealth.
• Answer: B. A lack of uprightness and dignity.
• Reason: It's a biblical allusion to the curse on the serpent, symbolizing degradation and deceit.
87. The worst shame for a man is to be found: A. Poor. B. Ignorant. C. "False and perfidious." D. Weak.
• Answer: C. "False and perfidious."
• Reason: "There is no vice, that doth so cover a man with shame, as to be found false and perfidious."
88. Montaigne's statement that a lie is "brave towards God, and a coward towards men" implies that: A. Lying is an act of courage. B. Lying defies divine truth but fears human exposure. C. Lying is always a sign of weakness. D. Lying is a necessary evil.
• Answer: B. Lying defies divine truth but fears human exposure.
• Reason: "A lie faces God, and shrinks from man" explains this paradox: it presumes to deceive God but fears discovery by humans.
89. The ultimate expression of the wickedness of falsehood is that it will be the "last peal" to call what? A. A new era of peace. B. The end of the world. C. "The judgments of God." D. A new revelation.
• Answer: C. "The judgments of God."
• Reason: It signifies the final, dire consequence of widespread falsehood.
90. The prophecy that Christ "shall not find faith upon the earth" when he comes suggests: A. A future of universal belief. B. A profound spiritual decay and lack of truth. C. A period of great prosperity. D. A time of peace and harmony.
• Answer: B. A profound spiritual decay and lack of truth.
• Reason: Lack of faith is directly linked to the "wickedness of falsehood, and breach of faith."

Section 5: Specific Word Meanings & Allusions

91. In "delight in giddiness," "giddiness" means: A. Dizziness. B. Imprudence or instability. C. Merriment. D. Speed.
• Answer: B. Imprudence or instability.
• Reason: It refers to a preference for uncertainty over fixed belief.
92. "To fix a belief" means to: A. Repair a broken belief. B. Establish a firm conviction. C. Invent a new belief. D. Spread a belief.
• Answer: B. Establish a firm conviction.
• Reason: "Fix" implies settling or making firm.
93. "Discoursing wits" refers to: A. People who tell jokes. B. People who engage in intellectual discussion. C. People who argue frequently. D. People who write speeches.
• Answer: B. People who engage in intellectual discussion.
• Reason: "Discoursing" implies reasoned discussion, and "wits" refers to intellect.
94. "Imposeth upon men's thoughts" means truth: A. Encourages free thinking. B. Places a burden or constraint on thoughts. C. Inspires new ideas. D. Is easily accepted.
• Answer: B. Places a burden or constraint on thoughts.
• Reason: "Imposeth" suggests a demand or a burden.
95. "A mummery" refers to: A. A solemn ceremony. B. A silent, masked performance or foolish show. C. A religious procession. D. A public speech.
• Answer: B. A silent, masked performance or foolish show.
• Reason: "Mummeries" are theatrical displays, often involving masks and pretense.
96. A "carbuncle" is a type of: A. Disease. B. Gemstone. C. Weapon. D. Plant.
• Answer: B. Gemstone.
• Reason: It's listed alongside "diamond" as a precious stone.
97. "Indisposition" in the context of "poor shrunken things, full of melancholy and indisposition" means: A. A lack of physical health. B. A reluctance or disinclination. C. A bad temper. D. A lack of intelligence.
• Answer: B. A reluctance or disinclination.
• Reason: It refers to a state of being disinclined or unwell in spirit.
98. "Vinum doemonum" literally means: A. Wine of the gods. B. Wine of the people. C. Wine of demons. D. Wine of truth.
• Answer: C. Wine of demons.
• Reason: This is a direct Latin translation.
99. The "illumination of his Spirit" refers to: A. Physical light. B. Intellectual understanding. C. Divine inspiration or spiritual insight. D. Artistic creativity.
• Answer: C. Divine inspiration or spiritual insight.
• Reason: It follows "light of the sense" and "light of reason" in a spiritual progression.
100. The "vantage ground" is a metaphor for: A. A low, hidden place. B. A position of superior perspective or advantage. C. A dangerous battlefield. D. A place of rest. * Answer: B. A position of superior perspective or advantage. * Reason: It's a high ground that offers a clear view and cannot be dominated.
101. "Serene" in "air is always clear and serene" means: A. Cold. B. Calm and peaceful. C. Bright. D. Humid. * Answer: B. Calm and peaceful. * Reason: It describes a tranquil and undisturbed atmosphere.
102. "Swelling" in "not with swelling, or pride" means: A. Physical enlargement. B. Arrogance or self-importance. C. Anger. D. Joy. * Answer: B. Arrogance or self-importance. * Reason: It's paired with "pride" to denote haughtiness.
103. "Charity" in "mind move in charity" refers to: A. Financial giving. B. Benevolent love towards others. C. Forgiveness. D. Self-sacrifice. * Answer: B. Benevolent love towards others. * Reason: This is the theological virtue of love.
104. "Providence" refers to: A. Human planning. B. Divine care and guidance. C. Future events. D. Past experiences. * Answer: B. Divine care and guidance. * Reason: It implies trust in God's foresight and provision.
105. "Poles of truth" is a metaphor for: A. Shifting opinions. B. Fixed, fundamental principles of truth. C. Opposing viewpoints. D. Diverse interpretations. * Answer: B. Fixed, fundamental principles of truth. * Reason: "Poles" suggests an axis or fixed points.
106. "Civil business" refers to: A. Religious affairs. B. Personal relationships. C. Public and commercial dealings. D. Military strategies. * Answer: C. Public and commercial dealings. * Reason: It contrasts with theological and philosophical truth, referring to worldly affairs.
107. "Round dealing" means dealing that is: A. Circular. B. Complete and straightforward. C. Indirect. D. Complex. * Answer: B. Complete and straightforward. * Reason: "Round" implies wholeness and lack of sharp, deceptive edges.
108. "Embaseth" in "it embaseth it" means: A. Enhances its value. B. Lowers its quality or value. C. Makes it more common. D. Makes it more beautiful. * Answer: B. Lowers its quality or value. * Reason: It refers to making something base or inferior, like diluting precious metal.
109. "Perfidious" means: A. Perfect. B. Trustworthy. C. Deceitful and disloyal. D. Persistent. * Answer: C. Deceitful and disloyal. * Reason: It's paired with "false" to describe a breach of trust.
110. "Last peal" is a metaphor for: A. A final warning or summons. B. A celebratory sound. C. A quiet whisper. D. A new beginning. * Answer: A. A final warning or summons. * Reason: It implies a final, decisive call, often associated with judgment.

Section 6: True/False Statements

111. Jesting Pilate waited for an answer to his question, "What is truth?" (True/False) * Answer: False * Reason: He "would not stay for an answer."
112. Some people consider it a freedom to fix a belief. (True/False) * Answer: False * Reason: They "count it a bondage to fix a belief."
113. The "discoursing wits" of Bacon's time had more "blood" than the ancient philosophers. (True/False) * Answer: False * Reason: They had "not so much blood in them."
114. The difficulty of finding truth is the only reason men favor lies. (True/False) * Answer: False * Reason: It's "not only the difficulty... but a natural though corrupt love, of the lie itself."
115. The later Grecians understood perfectly why men loved lies for their own sake. (True/False) * Answer: False * Reason: They were "at a stand, to think what should be in it."
116. Truth shows the "masks, and mummeries, and triumphs" more stately than candle-lights. (True/False) * Answer: False * Reason: Truth "doth not show the masks... half so stately and daintily as candle–lights."
117. Truth comes to the price of a diamond, which shows best by day. (True/False) * Answer: False * Reason: Truth comes to the price of a pearl (best by day), but not a diamond (best in varied lights).
118. A mixture of a lie always adds pleasure. (True/False) * Answer: True * Reason: "A mixture of a lie doth ever add pleasure."
119. If vain opinions were removed, men's minds would become more robust and joyful. (True/False) * Answer: False * Reason: They would be "poor shrunken things, full of melancholy and indisposition."
120. Poesy was called "vinum doemonum" because it promotes violence. (True/False) * Answer: False * Reason: It was called so "because it filleth the imagination."
121. The lie that merely passes through the mind does more hurt than the lie that settles in it. (True/False) * Answer: False * Reason: "But it is not the lie that passeth through the mind, but the lie that sinketh in... that doth the hurt."
122. Truth is judged by external authorities. (True/False) * Answer: False * Reason: Truth "only doth judge itself."
123. The inquiry of truth is the "presence" of it. (True/False) * Answer: False * Reason: Inquiry is "love-making, or wooing," knowledge is "presence."
124. The "light of reason" was the first creature of God. (True/False) * Answer: False * Reason: The "light of the sense" was the first.
125. God's sabbath work is the "illumination of his Spirit." (True/False) * Answer: True * Reason: "his sabbath work ever since, is the illumination of his Spirit."
126. The poet who "beautified the sect" said that no pleasure is comparable to seeing ships tossed from the shore. (True/False) * Answer: False * Reason: He said no pleasure is comparable to standing on the "vantage ground of truth."
127. The "vantage ground of truth" is a hill that can be easily commanded. (True/False) * Answer: False * Reason: It is "a hill not to be commanded."
128. From the "vantage ground of truth," one sees only beauty and harmony in the vale below. (True/False) * Answer: False * Reason: One sees "the errors, and wanderings, and mists, and tempests."
129. The prospect from the vantage ground of truth should be with pride, not pity. (True/False) * Answer: False * Reason: It should be "with pity, and not with swelling, or pride."
130. To have a man's mind turn upon the poles of truth is considered "heaven upon earth." (True/False) * Answer: True * Reason: "it is heaven upon earth... turn upon the poles of truth."
131. "Clear, and round dealing" is the dishonor of man's nature. (True/False) * Answer: False * Reason: It is "the honor of man’s nature."
132. A mixture of falsehoods in civil business makes the metal of man's nature purer. (True/False) * Answer: False * Reason: It "embaseth it."
133. "Winding, and crooked courses" are compared to the goings of a bird. (True/False) * Answer: False * Reason: They are compared to "the goings of the serpent."
134. The greatest shame for a man is to be found honest and trustworthy. (True/False) * Answer: False * Reason: The greatest shame is "to be found false and perfidious."
135. Montaigne said that to lie is to be a coward towards God and brave towards men. (True/False) * Answer: False * Reason: It is "brave towards God, and a coward towards men."
136. A lie shrinks from God and faces man. (True/False) * Answer: False * Reason: "A lie faces God, and shrinks from man."
137. The wickedness of falsehood will be the "first peal" to call God's judgments. (True/False) * Answer: False * Reason: It will be the "last peal."
138. It is foretold that Christ will find great faith upon the earth when he comes. (True/False) * Answer: False * Reason: He "shall not find faith upon the earth."

Section 7: Advanced Concepts & Interpretations

139. The "difficulty and labor" in finding truth is presented as: A. The primary obstacle to truth. B. A minor inconvenience. C. One of several factors that bring lies into favor. D. An insurmountable barrier. * Answer: C. One of several factors that bring lies into favor. * Reason: "But it is not only the difficulty and labor... nor again, that when it is found, it imposeth... but a natural though corrupt love, of the lie itself."
140. The idea that truth "imposeth upon men's thoughts" suggests that truth can be: A. Liberating. B. Demanding or restrictive. C. Inspiring. D. Easy to accept. * Answer: B. Demanding or restrictive. * Reason: "Imposeth" implies a burden or a requirement that thoughts must conform to.
141. The "natural though corrupt love, of the lie itself" implies that human nature: A. Is inherently good. B. Has a flawed inclination towards untruth for its own sake. C. Can be easily perfected. D. Is entirely rational. * Answer: B. Has a flawed inclination towards untruth for its own sake. * Reason: This phrase highlights an innate, but corrupted, human tendency.
142. The "masks, and mummeries, and triumphs, of the world" are best revealed by candle-light because: A. Candle-light is brighter than daylight. B. Candle-light adds a flattering, artificial glow that enhances their showiness. C. Candle-light is more natural. D. Candle-light allows for clearer vision. * Answer: B. Candle-light adds a flattering, artificial glow that enhances their showiness. * Reason: Candle-light creates an illusion of grandeur and delicacy that plain daylight would expose as less impressive.
143. The comparison of truth to a pearl and not a diamond/carbuncle suggests that truth's beauty is: A. Flashy and multifaceted. B. Plain, simple, and unadorned. C. Hidden and mysterious. D. Only apparent in darkness. * Answer: B. Plain, simple, and unadorned. * Reason: Pearls have a simple, pure luster, unlike the sparkling complexity of diamonds.
144. The "pleasure" added by a "mixture of a lie" is often derived from: A. Intellectual stimulation. B. Comforting illusions or self-deception. C. Moral superiority. D. Practical efficiency. * Answer: B. Comforting illusions or self-deception. * Reason: The lies mentioned (vain opinions, flattering hopes) provide psychological comfort rather than objective truth.
145. The phrase "imaginations as one would" refers to: A. Creative ideas. B. Wishful thinking or fantasies. C. Scientific hypotheses. D. Realistic plans. * Answer: B. Wishful thinking or fantasies. * Reason: It implies forming ideas based on desire rather than reality.
146. The "poor shrunken things" that minds would become without lies implies that humans rely on illusions for: A. Their very existence. B. Emotional well-being and self-perception. C. Intellectual growth. D. Social interaction. * Answer: B. Emotional well-being and self-perception. * Reason: The description ("melancholy and indisposition, and unpleasing to themselves") points to psychological discomfort without these illusions.
147. The "shadow of a lie" in poesy suggests that poetic untruths are distinct from harmful lies because they: A. Are purely factual. B. Do not intend to deceive or cause harm in a moral sense. C. Are easily forgotten. D. Are always beautiful. * Answer: B. Do not intend to deceive or cause harm in a moral sense. * Reason: A "shadow" implies a less substantial, less morally culpable form of untruth compared to a deliberate, harmful lie.
148. The lie that "sinketh in, and settleth in it" is more dangerous because it becomes: A. A fleeting thought. B. A deeply ingrained belief or prejudice. C. A topic for debate. D. A source of humor. * Answer: B. A deeply ingrained belief or prejudice. * Reason: "Sinketh in, and settleth" implies becoming a fundamental part of one's judgment and affections.
149. The statement that "truth... only doth judge itself" is an assertion of truth's: A. Subjectivity. B. Transcendence and inherent authority. C. Ambiguity. D. Dependence on human interpretation. * Answer: B. Transcendence and inherent authority. * Reason: It positions truth as self-validating and beyond external human judgment.
150. The three stages of truth (inquiry, knowledge, belief) represent a progression from: A. Passive reception to active pursuit. B. Ignorance to understanding to full assimilation. C. Theoretical to practical application. D. Individual to societal truth. * Answer: B. Ignorance to understanding to full assimilation. * Reason: Wooing (seeking), presence (having), enjoying (internalizing) shows a deepening relationship with truth.
151. The "light of the sense" refers to: A. Scientific instruments. B. Physical perception or sensory experience. C. Intuition. D. Emotional understanding. * Answer: B. Physical perception or sensory experience. * Reason: It's the most basic form of light/knowledge, preceding reason.
152. The "light of reason" refers to: A. Spiritual illumination. B. Logical and intellectual understanding. C. Emotional intelligence. D. Artistic insight. * Answer: B. Logical and intellectual understanding. * Reason: It's a higher form of light/knowledge than sensory perception.
153. God's continuous "breathing and inspiring light, into the face of his chosen" suggests: A. Ongoing creation of the physical world. B. Divine revelation and spiritual guidance for humanity. C. The process of human thought. D. The spread of knowledge through education. * Answer: B. Divine revelation and spiritual guidance for humanity. * Reason: This is a theological concept of continuous divine inspiration.
154. The Epicurean poet's pleasure in observing others' troubles from a safe distance is presented as a lesser pleasure compared to the "vantage ground of truth" because: A. It is purely intellectual. B. It lacks the moral dimension of pity. C. It is a form of schadenfreude (joy in others' suffering). D. It is too dangerous. * Answer: C. It is a form of schadenfreude (joy in others' suffering). * Reason: The contrast with "pity" and "not with swelling, or pride" implies that the Epicurean pleasure, without pity, can be a form of detached enjoyment of others' misfortunes.
155. The "vantage ground of truth" being "a hill not to be commanded" signifies truth's: A. Inaccessibility. B. Immutability and independence from human control. C. Physical height. D. Secrecy. * Answer: B. Immutability and independence from human control. * Reason: It cannot be conquered or dictated.
156. The "errors, and wanderings, and mists, and tempests, in the vale below" are metaphors for: A. Natural disasters. B. Human ignorance, confusion, and moral turmoil. C. Social unrest. D. Economic downturns. * Answer: B. Human ignorance, confusion, and moral turmoil. * Reason: These are abstract concepts representing human failings and struggles in the world.
157. The emphasis on "pity" when observing others' errors from the vantage ground of truth promotes: A. Detachment. B. Empathy and moral responsibility. C. Judgment. D. Indifference. * Answer: B. Empathy and moral responsibility. * Reason: Pity is a compassionate response to suffering or error.
158. The concept of "heaven upon earth" is presented as a state of: A. Material prosperity. B. Inner peace and alignment with divine principles. C. Social harmony. D. Intellectual dominance. * Answer: B. Inner peace and alignment with divine principles. * Reason: Moving in charity, resting in providence, and turning on poles of truth describe a virtuous and spiritually aligned mind.
159. The transition from "theological, and philosophical truth, to the truth of civil business" indicates Bacon's interest in: A. Limiting the scope of truth. B. Applying truth to all aspects of human life. C. Separating truth from practical matters. D. Prioritizing one type of truth over another. * Answer: B. Applying truth to all aspects of human life. * Reason: He moves from abstract truths to their concrete application in society.
160. "Clear, and round dealing" is the "honor of man's nature" because it reflects: A. Self-interest. B. Integrity and transparency. C. Strategic advantage. D. Emotional expression. * Answer: B. Integrity and transparency. * Reason: "Honor" is linked to moral rectitude and straightforwardness.
161. The analogy of "alloy in coin" for falsehoods in civil business suggests that while falsehoods might offer immediate practical benefits, they ultimately: A. Make dealings more efficient. B. Improve the quality of human interaction. C. Degrade the intrinsic moral value of human character. D. Are necessary for smooth transactions. * Answer: C. Degrade the intrinsic moral value of human character. * Reason: "Embaseth it" implies a lowering of moral quality or purity.
162. "Winding, and crooked courses" are condemned because they are characterized by: A. Flexibility. B. Deceit and indirectness. C. Efficiency. D. Adaptability. * Answer: B. Deceit and indirectness. * Reason: "Winding" and "crooked" imply dishonesty and circuitousness.
163. The comparison of "winding, and crooked courses" to the serpent's movement evokes: A. Biblical imagery of temptation and deceit. B. The natural grace of animals. C. The power of nature. D. The beauty of simplicity. * Answer: A. Biblical imagery of temptation and deceit. * Reason: The serpent in the Bible is a symbol of cunning and evil.
164. Montaigne's inquiry into the disgrace of lying highlights the societal value placed on: A. Eloquence. B. Honesty and trustworthiness. C. Humility. D. Intelligence. * Answer: B. Honesty and trustworthiness. * Reason: The fact that lying is "such a disgrace, and such an odious charge" indicates its severe social condemnation.
165. Montaigne's paradox ("brave towards God, and a coward towards men") implies that a liar: A. Is truly courageous. B. Fears divine judgment more than human judgment. C. Presumes to deceive God but fears human discovery. D. Is indifferent to all judgment. * Answer: C. Presumes to deceive God but fears human discovery. * Reason: "A lie faces God, and shrinks from man" explains the paradox: it's a defiance of divine truth but a fear of human exposure.
166. The "last peal, to call the judgments of God" suggests that falsehood is linked to: A. Minor transgressions. B. Ultimate divine retribution. C. Human forgiveness. D. Social reform. * Answer: B. Ultimate divine retribution. * Reason: "Last peal" and "judgments of God" imply a final, severe divine punishment.
167. The prophecy that Christ "shall not find faith upon the earth" when he comes serves as a warning about: A. The decline of religious institutions. B. The ultimate triumph of falsehood and lack of spiritual integrity. C. The end of the world. D. The rise of new religions. * Answer: B. The ultimate triumph of falsehood and lack of spiritual integrity. * Reason: The absence of faith is presented as the culmination of the "wickedness of falsehood."

Section 8: Miscellaneous & Specific Details

168. The essay "Of Truth" is one of Bacon's famous: A. Plays. B. Poems. C. Essays. D. Scientific treatises. * Answer: C. Essays. * Reason: It is part of his collection Essays or Counsels, Civil and Moral.
169. Bacon's writing style in this essay is characterized by its use of: A. Long, flowing sentences. B. Aphorisms, metaphors, and concise arguments. C. Personal anecdotes. D. Dialogue. * Answer: B. Aphorisms, metaphors, and concise arguments. * Reason: The essay is dense with memorable, short statements and illustrative comparisons.
170. The essay primarily explores the nature of truth and the human inclination towards: A. Knowledge. B. Deception. C. Beauty. D. Power. * Answer: B. Deception. * Reason: A significant portion of the essay is dedicated to analyzing why men love lies.
171. The essay combines elements of: A. Scientific and historical writing. B. Theological, philosophical, and practical moral writing. C. Autobiographical and fictional narrative. D. Legal and political discourse. * Answer: B. Theological, philosophical, and practical moral writing. * Reason: Bacon explicitly transitions from "theological, and philosophical truth, to the truth of civil business."
172. Bacon's use of classical allusions (Pilate, Grecians, Lucretius) demonstrates his familiarity with: A. Modern literature. B. Ancient history and philosophy. C. Contemporary politics. D. Scientific discoveries. * Answer: B. Ancient history and philosophy. * Reason: These are direct references to classical figures and schools of thought.
173. The essay's tone can be described as: A. Lighthearted and humorous. B. Didactic and analytical. C. Emotional and passionate. D. Subjective and personal. * Answer: B. Didactic and analytical. * Reason: Bacon aims to instruct and analyze human nature and morality.
174. Bacon's argument that lies add "pleasure" suggests a recognition of human: A. Rationality. B. Psychological complexities and irrationalities. C. Moral perfection. D. Scientific curiosity. * Answer: B. Psychological complexities and irrationalities. * Reason: It acknowledges that humans derive comfort from things that are not strictly true.
175. The essay implies that the pursuit of truth is: A. Always easy and straightforward. B. A challenging but ultimately rewarding endeavor. C. Pointless. D. Only for philosophers. * Answer: B. A challenging but ultimately rewarding endeavor. * Reason: It mentions the "difficulty and labor" but also calls truth the "sovereign good" and its vantage ground a pleasure.
176. Bacon's view on the relationship between truth and human nature is that human nature has: A. An innate desire for pure truth. B. A "corrupt love" for lies. C. No preference between truth and lies. D. A natural inclination towards both equally. * Answer: B. A "corrupt love" for lies. * Reason: "a natural though corrupt love, of the lie itself."
177. The essay suggests that a society built on falsehoods would eventually lead to: A. Greater prosperity. B. Moral decay and divine judgment. C. Increased individual happiness. D. Political stability. * Answer: B. Moral decay and divine judgment. * Reason: The "last peal" and Christ not finding faith imply severe consequences.
178. Bacon's emphasis on "clear, and round dealing" in civil business reflects his pragmatic concern for: A. Abstract philosophical ideals. B. Effective and ethical governance and commerce. C. Religious purity. D. Artistic expression. * Answer: B. Effective and ethical governance and commerce. * Reason: This advice is specifically for "civil business."
179. The essay presents truth as ultimately being: A. Relative. B. Subjective. C. Absolute and divine. D. Negotiable. * Answer: C. Absolute and divine. * Reason: References to God's light, truth judging itself, and divine judgment support this.
180. The essay is a reflection of Bacon's broader philosophical project, which emphasized: A. Scholasticism. B. Empiricism and inductive reasoning. C. Rationalism. D. Mysticism. * Answer: B. Empiricism and inductive reasoning. * Reason: While not explicitly stated in this essay, Bacon's overall philosophy championed observation and clear understanding over inherited dogma, aligning with the value of truth.
181. The "sect" that Lucretius "beautified" was the Epicurean school of thought. (True/False) * Answer: True * Reason: This is a common historical understanding of Bacon's allusion.
182. The "light of the sense" implies knowledge gained through observation. (True/False) * Answer: True * Reason: "Sense" refers to the five senses, which are the basis of observation.
183. The "light of reason" implies knowledge gained through logical thought and understanding. (True/False) * Answer: True * Reason: "Reason" is the faculty of logical thought.
184. The "illumination of his Spirit" suggests a form of knowledge or truth that is beyond human sensory or rational capacity alone. (True/False) * Answer: True * Reason: It's presented as God's "sabbath work," a higher form of divine light.
185. The essay suggests that human depraved judgments and affections are the primary cause of loving lies. (True/False) * Answer: True * Reason: "But, howsoever these things are thus in men’s depraved judgments, and affections, yet truth..."
186. The "sovereign good of human nature" is something that is easily attained by all. (True/False) * Answer: False * Reason: The description of inquiry as "love-making" implies effort and pursuit, not easy attainment.
187. The essay argues that falsehood is always obvious and easy to detect. (True/False) * Answer: False * Reason: The comparison to diamonds/carbuncles in "varied lights" and the "pleasure" of lies suggests their deceptive attractiveness.
188. Bacon's writing is often characterized by its use of Latin phrases. (True/False) * Answer: True * Reason: "Vinum doemonum" is an example of a Latin phrase used in the essay.
189. The essay "Of Truth" is primarily a religious sermon. (True/False) * Answer: False * Reason: While it has theological elements, it's a philosophical and moral essay, not a sermon.
190. The essay implies that a truly wise person would never be deceived by a lie. (True/False) * Answer: False * Reason: The essay focuses on the human inclination to love lies, suggesting a universal susceptibility.
191. The "vantage ground of truth" is a place of isolation from human suffering. (True/False) * Answer: False * Reason: One sees "errors" and "tempests" below, but with "pity," implying engagement, not isolation.
192. The analogy of alloy in coin suggests that a small amount of falsehood can be beneficial without any negative consequences. (True/False) * Answer: False * Reason: It "may make the metal work the better, but it embaseth it," indicating a degradation of value.
193. Bacon's use of rhetorical questions, like "Doth any man doubt...?" is a common feature of his persuasive style. (True/False) * Answer: True * Reason: This is a characteristic rhetorical device used to engage the reader and imply the obviousness of his point.
194. The essay suggests that all forms of imagination are inherently bad. (True/False) * Answer: False * Reason: Only "vain opinions, flattering hopes, false valuations, imaginations as one would" are problematic; poesy, which "filleth the imagination," is only a "shadow of a lie."
195. The essay implies that truth is always easy to communicate. (True/False) * Answer: False * Reason: The initial point about truth "impos[ing] upon men's thoughts" suggests it can be difficult to accept.
196. The idea of "free-will in thinking, as well as in acting" is presented as a positive attribute by Bacon. (True/False) * Answer: False * Reason: It's associated with "giddiness" and avoiding fixed belief, which Bacon critiques.
197. The essay primarily advocates for a life of strict asceticism and rejection of all worldly pleasures. (True/False) * Answer: False * Reason: While it promotes truth, it acknowledges the "pleasure" of lies and the beauty of the world, just from a different perspective.
198. Bacon's "Of Truth" is considered a foundational text in the development of modern philosophical thought. (True/False) * Answer: True * Reason: Bacon is a key figure in the Enlightenment and the development of empiricism.
199. The essay argues that the pursuit of truth should be solely for personal gain. (True/False) * Answer: False * Reason: The "sovereign good" is for "human nature," and the prospect from the vantage ground should be with "pity."
200. The essay concludes with a hopeful vision of widespread faith on Earth. (True/False) * Answer: False * Reason: It concludes with the prophecy that Christ "shall not find faith upon the earth."