Of Nobility-Bacon

Of Nobility

I Summary:

Ø  A monarchy without a nobility is an absolute tyranny. The nobility works as a check on the soverign.

Ø 

But the nobility is unnecessary in democracy, it might even be bad.

Ø  In a democracy people consider less the other persons than they do business, and if they consider the others it is for the sake of business.

Ø  Switzerland is not united by respect, and not by religion, but by their mutual utility.

Ø  The Low Countries have great government. They have equality, which makes paying taxes more enjoyable.

Ø  The nobility brings majesty to a monarch, at the cost of some power.

Ø  The nobility brings spirit to the people, at the cost of some wealth.

Ø  The best nobility is one under the sovereign and under justice, but above the common people. In this position they are a buffer between monarch and subjects and their insolence.

Ø  There should not be too many nobles, for to maintain a nobility is expensive. Also, once some nobles become poor, wealth and honour are no longer proportionate.

Ø  It is beautiful to see an old structure in great condition.

Ø  The same is true of an old noble family which survived the centuries.

Ø  Through power, new nobles come about, but old nobles can only be the result of time.

Ø  It is unusual for someone to rise in status without the person being both good and evil.

Ø  Thus, someone rising into the nobility has usually more virtue, but less innocence, compared to those born into it.

Ø  But over time, their virtues will be remembered, their faults forgotten.

Ø  Those of noble birth seldom work.

Ø  Those who do not work usually envy those who do.

Ø  Also, for a noble person it is hard to rise any further.

Ø  To be stagnant while others rise may also be a source of envy.

Ø  But noble persons, due to their honour, are usually immune to envy from others.

Ø  Those kings with an able nobility should use them for business.

Ø  People usually follow the nobility; it is as if they were born to command.

II Summary:

Ø  Francis Bacon discusses two types of nobility, but this easy actually begins with praise for democracy. The word ‘nobility’ means both nobleness of character and the aristocracy.

Ø  First, Bacon describes the nobles as constituting the upper or aristocratic class in society.

Ø  The nobles exercise a restraint on the king. The king who has no nobles to check him is likely to become a despot, as happened in turkey where there no nobles.

Ø  Nobles are not necessary in a democratic country. People in democratic countries are commonly quiet and law abiding and do not indulge in conspiracy. In democratic countries, people pay attention to the business that is transacted and not to the person who transacts the business.

Ø  Switzerland and Netherlands are democratic nations with many religions and states. Yet, these countries flourish because there is equality among the people. All are treated impartially. In these democratic countries, there are no noble with flags and pedigrees, claiming superiority to others. As all are treated alike, people pay taxes without any grudge.

Ø  Next, Bacon discusses certain advantages and disadvantages in having nobles. Powerful nobles add majesty to the king. The king surrounded by powerful nobles is also powerful. At the same time, if the nobles are self-seeking, they will seek to dethrone the king.

Ø  The great nobles are a source of inspiration to the people but are a drain on their resources. It is important that nobles are obedient to the king and abide by the law. The nobles serve as a welcome barrier between the king and the people.

Ø  The displeasure of the people is first vented against the nobles before it bursts on the king. The existence of a large number of nobles is a drain on the national exchequer. Many nobles become financially weak in course of time. Such nobles are honourable but impoverished.

Ø  Second, Bacon discusses the qualities of an individual noble. Just as it is heartening to see an ancient building or castle intact, it is pleasing to see an ancient noble family that has withstood the ravages of time.

Ø  An ancient noble family is the product of time whereas a modern noble family is a product of the law. Both ‘good and evil arts’ go into the making of a noble family.

Ø  It is important that the good qualities of a noble are passed on to the succeeding generation whereas his faults should die with himself.

Ø  A noble who does not work hard and improve his lot envies the man who makes progress through hard work. Nobody will envy a noble because he is in possession of honour. It is good for a king to employ nobles because, the nobles being endowed with a commanding demeanour, ordinary people automatically obey them.  

List of Literary Movements

List of Literary Movements

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Amatory fiction

 Romantic fiction written in the 18th and 19th centuries.
 Notable authors: Eliza Haywood, Delarivier Manley

Cavalier Poets

 17th century English royalist poets, writing primarily about courtly love, called Sons of Ben (after Ben Jonson).
 Notable authors: Richard Lovelace, William Davenant

Metaphysical poets

 17th century English movement using extended conceit, often (though not always) about religion.
 Notable authors: John Donne, George Herbert, Andrew Marvell

The Augustans

 An 18th century literary movement based chiefly on classical ideals, satire and skepticism.
 Notable authors: Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift

Romanticism

 1800 to 1860 century movement emphasizing emotion and imagination, rather than logic and scientific thought. Response to theEnlightenment.


Notable authors: Victor Hugo, Lord Byron and Camilo Castelo Branco

Gothic novel

 Fiction in which Romantic ideals are combined with an interest in the supernatural and in violence.
 Notable authors: Ann Radcliffe, Bram Stoker

Lake Poets

 A group of Romantic poets from the English Lake District who wrote about nature and the sublime.
 Notable authors: William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge

American Romanticism

 Distinct from European Romanticism, the American form emerged somewhat later, was based more in fiction than in poetry, and incorporated a (sometimes almost suffocating) awareness of history, particularly the darkest aspects of American history.
 Notable authors: Washington Irving, Nathaniel Hawthorne,

Pre-Raphaelitism

 19th century, primarily English movement based ostensibly on undoing innovations by the painter Raphael. Many were both painters and poets.
 Notable authors: Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Christina Rossetti

Transcendentalism

 19th century American movement: poetry and philosophy concerned with self-reliance, independence from modern technology.
 Notable authors: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau

Dark romanticism

 19th century American movement in reaction to Transcendentalism. Finds man inherently sinful and self-destructive and nature a dark, mysterious force.
 Notable authors: Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, George Lippard

Realism

 Late-19th century movement based on a simplification of style and image and an interest in poverty and everyday concerns.
 Notable authors: Gustave Flaubert, William Dean Howells, Stendhal, Honoré de Balzac, Leo Tolstoy, Frank Norris and Eça de Queiroz

Naturalism

 Also late 19th century. Proponents of this movement believe heredity and environment control people.
 Notable authors: Émile Zola, Stephen Crane

Symbolism

 Principally French movement of the fin de siècle based on the structure of thought rather than poetic form or image; influential for English language poets from Edgar Allan Poe to James Merrill.
 Notable authors: Stéphane Mallarmé, Arthur Rimbaud, Paul Valéry

Stream of consciousness

 Early-20th century fiction consisting of literary representations of quotidian thought, without authorial presence.
 Notable authors: Virginia Woolf, James Joyce

Modernism

 Variegated movement of the early 20th century, encompassing primitivism, formal innovation, or reaction to science and technology.
 Notable authors: Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, H.D., James Joyce, Gertrude Stein and Fernando Pessoa

The Lost Generation

 It was traditionally attributed to Gertrude Stein and was then popularized by Ernest Hemingway in the epigraph to his novel The Sun Also Rises, and his memoir A Moveable Feast. It refers to a group of American literary notables who lived in Paris and other parts ofEurope from the time period which saw the end of World War I to the beginning of the Great Depression.
 Notable Authors: F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Ezra Pound, Waldo Pierce

Dada

 Touted by its proponents as anti-art, dada focused on going against artistic norms and conventions.
 Notable authors: Guillaume Apollinaire, Kurt Schwitters

First World War Poets

 Poets who documented both the idealism and the horrors of the war and the period in which it took place.
 Notable authors: Siegfried Sassoon, Rupert Brooke

Stridentism

 Mexican artistic avant-garde movement. They exalted modern urban life and social revolution.
 Notable authors: Manuel Maples Arce, Arqueles Vela, Germán List Arzubide

Los Contemporáneos

 A Mexican vanguardist group, active in the late 1920s and early 1930s; published an eponymous literary magazine which served as the group's mouthpiece and artistic vehicle from 1928-1931.
 Notable authors: Xavier Villaurrutia, Salvador Novo

Imagism

 Poetry based on description rather than theme, and on the motto, "the natural object is always the adequate symbol."
 Notable authors: Ezra Pound, H.D., Richard Aldington

Harlem Renaissance

 African American poets, novelists, and thinkers, often employing elements of blues and folklore, based in the Harlem neighborhood ofNew York City in the 1920s.
 Notable authors: Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston

Surrealism

 Originally a French movement, influenced by Surrealist painting, that uses surprising images and transitions to play off of formal expectations and depict the unconscious rather than conscious mind.
 Notable authors: Jean Cocteau, Dylan Thomas

Southern Agrarians

 A group of Southern American poets, based originally at Vanderbilt University, who expressly repudiated many modernist developments in favor of metrical verse and narrative. Some Southern Agrarians were also associated with the New Criticism.
 Notable authors: John Crowe Ransom, Robert Penn Warren

Oulipo

 Mid-20th century poetry and prose based on seemingly arbitrary rules for the sake of added challenge.
 Notable authors: Raymond Queneau, Walter Abish

Postmodernism

 Postwar movement skeptical of absolutes and embracing diversity, irony, and word play.
 Notable authors: Jorge Luis Borges, Thomas Pynchon, Alasdair Gray

Black Mountain Poets

 A self-identified group of poets, originally based at Black Mountain College, who eschewed patterned form in favor of the rhythms and inflections of the human voice.
 Notable authors: Charles Olson, Denise Levertov

Beat poets

 American movement of the 1950s and 1960s concerned with counterculture and youthful alienation.
 Notable authors: Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, William S. Burroughs, Ken Kesey

Hungryalist Poets

 A literary movement in postcolonial India (Kolkata) during 1961-65 as a counter-discourse to Colonial Bengali poetry.
 Notable poets:Shakti Chattopadhyay, Malay Roy Choudhury, Binoy Majumdar, Samir Roychoudhury

Confessional poetry

 Poetry that, often brutally, exposes the self as part of an aesthetic of the beauty and power of human frailty.

 Notable authors: Robert Lowell, Sylvia Plath, Alicia Ostriker
New York School

 Urban, gay or gay-friendly, leftist poets, writers, and painters of the 1960s.

 Notable authors: Frank O'Hara, John Ashbery

Magical Realism

 Literary movement in which magical elements appear in otherwise realistic circumstances. Most often associated with the Latin American literary boom of the 20th century.

 Notable authors: Gabriel García Márquez, Octavio Paz, Günter Grass, Julio Cortázar

Postcolonialism

 A diverse, loosely connected movement of writers from former colonies of European countries, whose work is frequently politically charged.

 Notable authors: Jamaica Kincaid, V. S. Naipaul, Derek Walcott, Salman Rushdie, Giannina Braschi, Wole Soyinka.

FIGURES OF SPEECH

*FIGURES OF SPEECH*

Figure-of-Speech may be classified as under:

1. Those based on resemblance
• Simile
• Metaphor
• Personification
• Apostrophe

2. Those based on Contrast:
• Antithesis
• Epigram
* Oxymoron
* Paradox

3. Those based on Association:
• Metonymy
• Synecdoche

4. Those depending on Construction:
• Climax
• Anticlimax

*1. ALLITERATION :* Alliteration refers to the repetition of of an initial consonant sound, at least three times in a sentence. 

*EXAMPLES :*
• A peck of pickled peppers
• Don't delay dawns disarming display. Dusk demands daylight.
• Sara's seven sisters slept soundly in sand.
• Sally sells sea shells by the seashore”

*2. SIMILE :*  In Simile, a comparison is made between two object of different kinds which have at least one point in common. The Simile is introduced by the word ‘as…as’ or 'like'.

“Life is like a box of chocolates; you never know what you’re going to get”

*EXAMPLES:*
• As active as quicksilver
• As afraid as a grasshopper
• As ageless as the sun
• As agile as a cat
• As agile as a monkey
• As alert as a bird
• As alike as two peas
• As alone as a leper
• As alone as Crusoe
• As ambitious as the devil

*

3. METAPHOR :* An implied comparison between two unlike things that actually have something important in common (as if two things were one.)

*EXAMPLES:*
• The camel is the ship of the desert.
• Life is a dream.
• The news was a dragger to his heart.
• Revenge is a kind of wild justice.
• “My heart is a lonely hunter that hunts on a lonely hill”

*** *NOTE* : Every SIMILE can be compressed into a METAPHOR, and Every METAPHOR can be expanded into a SIMILE.

*EXAMPLES:*
• Tanaji fought as fiercely as a loin. (Simile)
• Tanaji was a lion in the fight. (Metaphor)

• The waves thundered on the shore. (Metaphor)
• The waves broke on the shore with noise like a thunder. (Simile)

•My love is like a red, red rose,
That's newly sprung in June. (Simile)
• Love is a rose but you better not pick it. (Metaphor)

*4. ANTITHESIS :* In Antithesis, a striking opposition or contrast of words or sentiments is made in the same sentence. It is employed to secure emphasis.

*EXAMPLES:*
• Man proposes, but God disposes.
• Not that I loved Caesar less, but I loved Rome more.
• Speech is silver, but Silence is Gold.
• Many are called, but few are chosen.
• To err is human, but to forgive on divine.

*5. OXYMORON :* A figure of speech in which  contradictory terms appear side by side or at once of the same thing.

*EXAMPLES:*
• She accepted it as the kind cruelty of surgeon’s knife.
• It is an open secret.

*6. PARADOX :* A statement that appears to contradict itself in the same sentence.

*EXAMPLES :*
“War is peace. Ignorance is strength. Freedom is slavery.” Though we know these things aren’t true, they present an interesting paradox that makes a person think seriously about what they have just read or heard.

*7. IRONY :* The use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning.  It is often used to poke fun at a situation that everyone else sees as a very serious matter.

*EXAMPLES :*
“Gentlemen, you can’t fight in here! This is the War Room!”

*8. APOSTROPHE :*  An Apostrophe is a direct address to the dead, to the absent, or to a personified object or idea. This figure is a special form of Personification.

*EXAMPLES:*
• Milton! You should not be living at this hour.
• Friend! I know not which way I must look for comfort.
• Roll on! Thou deep and dark blue Ocean, roll.
• Death! Where is thy sting? O Grave! Where is thy victory?

*9. EUPHEMISM :* Euphemism consists in the description of a disagreeable thing by an agreeable name.

*EXAMPLES:*
• You are telling me a fairy tale. (You are telling me lies)
• He is gone to heaven. (He is dead)
•We have to let you go. (You're fired.)
•You're well fed. (You're fat.)

*10. HYPERBOLE :* Hyperbole is an exaggerated statement for the purpose of emphasis or heightened effect.

*EXAMPLES:*
• Why, man, if the river is dry, I am able to fill it with tears.
• Hmalet! You have not cleft my heart in twain.
•“It was as big as a mountain! It was faster than a cheetah! It was dumber than a rock!”

*11. SYNECDOCHE :* A figure of speech in which a part is used to represent the whole

*EXAMPLES :*
ABCs for alphabet or the whole for a part
England won the World Cup in 1966.
Seeing eyes, helping hands.

*12. ONOMATOPOEIA :* This is the use of a word that actually sounds like what it means.

Onomatopoeia (pronounced ON-a-MAT-a-PEE-a) refers to words (such as bow-wow and hiss ) that imitate the sounds
   
Good examples include “hiss” or “ding-dong” or “fizz.”

*13. PERSONIFICATION :* In Personification, inanimate objects and abstract notions are spoken of as having life and intelligence.

This is a way of giving an inanimate object the qualities of a living thing.

*EXAMPLES:*
• Death lays its icy hands on King.
• Pride goes forth on horseback, grand and gay.
• Laughter is holding her both sides.
•“The tree quaked with fear as the wind approached”
•“The sun smiled down on her”

*14. PUN :* A play on words , sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes on the similar sense or sound of different words.

A form of wordplay using similar sounding words.

*EXAMPLES:*
“The wedding was so emotional that even the cake was in tiers (tears).”

“Two silk worms had a race and ended in a tie.” - A “tie” can of course either be when neither party wins, but in this pun also refers to the piece of clothing usually made from silk.

“Why can a man never starve in the Great Desert? Because he can eat the sand which is there. But what brought the sandwiches there? Why, Noah sent Ham, and his descendants mustered and bred.” - There are several separate puns, including the pun on “sand which” and “sandwich,” as well as “Ham” (a Biblical figure) and “ham” and the homophonic puns on “mustered”/“mustard” and “bred”/“bread.”

*15. METONYMY :* A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it's closely associated. Metonyms make associations or substitutions.

In some ways it can be seen as a nickname for something else.
However, we all understand the meaning, and so the words are interchangeable.

*EXAMPLES:*
The place name "Bollywood," has become a metonym for the Hindi film industry.

Using the word “crown” for “king or queen” or “lab coats” for “scientists”.

“The White House said” doesn’t actually mean the White House said it (a house can’t speak!) but that the President of America (who lives in The White House)  said it.

*16. RHETORICAL QUESTION :*  A rhetorical question is a question that is asked not to get an answer, but instead to emphasize a point. They are often used to elicit thought and understanding on the part of the listener or reader.

*EXAMPLES :*
"Marriage is a wonderful institution, but who would want to live in an institution?"

We also use rhetorical questions in common speech, such as the following statements:

Sure, why not?
Who knew?
Does it look like I care?
Are you kidding me?
Do birds fly?
Is the sky blue?

The Quotations and Facts of the Different Authors in English Literature

The Main Quotation of the Different Authors in English Literature
1. “Speak to me why do you never speak”- TS Eliot
2. “The world is not the reasonable place where we are led to believe”
3. “All Power corrupts one had to live with “darkness of man’s heart”- These Quotations has been taken from Lord of the flies
4. “True wit is nature to advantage dressed what oft was thought, but never so well expressed”- Pope- Manner of expression
5. “Come what may he will be one of our greatest poets” about GM Hopkins
6. “O lady: we receive but what we give and in our life alone does nature live” Coleridge
7. “The term applies descriptions, not of the true appearances of things to us but of the extraordinary appearances”
8. Pathetic Fallacy
9. “English Bards and Scotch Reviewers” Byron, it was said about contemporary literary scene and a satire against the Edinburgh Review
10. “For men may come and men may go but I go on forever” The Brook
11. Sensation novel, Mystery story are associated with Wikie Collins
12. “Arts Longa, Vita Briers” Art is long and time is fleeting” Longfellow
13. The work of a queasy undergraduate scratching his pimples: About Ulyses by James Joyce: Virgina Wolfe
14. “A Hyena in Petticoats”- Marry Wollstonecraft
15. “Left Book Club: was founded by Victor Golding
16. “First Nobel Prize for literature was started in 1900
17. “A Beginning” Don Moraes in the age of 20 and awarded by Houthorndon prize
18. “But thoughts the slave of life, Life time’s fool and that makes survey of the entire world must have a stop” Macbeth
19. “Next to, of course God America I Love you land of pilgrims and so forth Oh!” TS Eliot
20. “Against the bridal day, which was not so long? Sweet Thames! Run softly, till I end my song” Prothela Mion
21. An Epic Poetry is “As civilization advances, poetry almost necessarily declines” Macaulay
22. “The best luck all conviction, while the worst are full of passionate intensity” Second Coming –WB Yeats
23. “The errors of evaluating a poem by its emotional effect”-Effective Fallacy
24. “The Waste Land” longest poem in the English language because of its profundity, Perplexity and density of poetic allusions, myths and meaning” Ezra Pound
25. “Rich disorganization” about Waste Land who said-FR Leavis
26. Dryden says, “Donne affects the metaphysic” in which book? –Discourse of Satire.
27. “if pope be not a poet, where is poetry found?”- Dr.Johnson
28. “Mad, bad and dangerous to know” about Byron –Lady Caroline lamb
29. Attribution of human capacities to natural objects and similar to perfection- Pathetic Fallacy
30. Romanticism “Addition of strangeness to beauty” Walter Pater
31. “Replaced the academic style, return to the truthfulness and simplicity, drawing from the Italian paintings before the time of Raphael” –Pre Raphaelities
32. “Poor Matth He is gone to heaven no doubt but he went like God”- RL Stevention about Matthew Arnold
33.
“We poets in our youth begin in gladness but there of come in the end, despondency and madness” Resolution and Independence
34. “An ineffectual angel beating in the void his luminous wing in vain” About Shelley-Matthew Arnold
35. When you shall these unlucky deeds relate speak of me as I’m nothing extenuate. Nor set down aughtin malice then must you speak. Of one that loved not wisely, but too well” Othello
36. “The unity of a work of art is achieved neither through the unity of character nor unity of action, but through unity of the author’s moral position” Flaubert
37. “A hen is only an egg’s way of making another egg”-Samuel Butler
38. “An essay is a loose sally of the mind an irregular indigested piece not a regular or orderly composition”- Dr. Jonson
39. “It is a trite but true observation that examples work more forcibly on the mind than percepts” in the beginning of the book – Joseph Andrews
40. “A man proud, moody cynical, with defiance and misery a scorners”-Macaulay about Byronic hero
41. “Pope can fix in one couplet more sense than I can do in six” Jonathan Swift
42. The true prologue to the Renaissance is – Utopia
43. “if music be the food of love , play on”- Twelfth Night
44. “I write plays with the deliberate purpose to convert the nation to my opinion” GB Shaw
45. “A selection of varieties of work” Pastiche
46. “My mental condition presented itself to me this way. My life is stupid and spiteful joke that someone has played on me” The Confession

47. “Yet if we could scorn
Hate, and pride and fear
Note to shed a tear
I know not how thy joy we ever
Should come near” Ode to Skylark by Shelley
48. Only Prose work of Edmund Spenser is- View of the state of Ireland
49. Full fathom five thy father lies of his bones are corals made, these are pearls that were his eyes but do suffer a sea change-  are from the Shakespearean play Tempest
50. “The splendid Shilling”-John Philip and “Paradise Lost” Milton are the parodies
51. “My love is like a red red roses”-Robur Burns
52. Anthony Trollope satirise the book in his “The Warden”- Both Carlyle and Dickens
53. Story of the Country Mouse by Matthew Prior and The hind and Pnther by Dryden are the parody
54. “A man would be a fool to deliberately stand up to be shot at” in the last novel of  Hardy
55. “Learn hence for  ancient rule a just esteem to copy nature is to copy them” spirit of these line is Imitation of the ancients
56. The Neoclassical ideal was founded especially on: Horace’s Ars Poetica
57. “Gentleman prefer blondes”- Anita Loos
58. All animals are equal but some animals are more equal” in Animal Farm by George Orwell
59. “A heavy weight of hours has chained and bowed. One too like thee, tamales and swift and proud”- Shelley
60. “And there I shut her wild eyes with kisses four”-La Belle Dame Sans Merci
61. “I’m afraid there’s many a spectacled sod prefers the British Museum to God?”- WH Auden
62. The Lady is not for Burning- Christopher Fry
63. Only foreign honorary fellow at the Sahitya Akademy- Joseph Brodsky
64. Stiff in opinion always in the wrong, was everything by stars and nothing long – John Dryden
65. Originator of Picaresque Novel: Thomas Nash
66. Caterpillars of the commonwealth and father lies: Stephen Gosson from the School of Abuse
67. A Classicist in literature, royalist in politics and Anglo-catholic in religion-TS Eliot
68. I  believe that all novel deal with character and that it is to express character not to speech doctrines sing songs or celebrates the glories of the British Empire” Virginia Woolfe
69. Oxford Movement: Cardinal newman , John Kable , John Henry Newman
70. Apologies for Poetry, Sidney is writer against- Stephen Gosson
71. Oxford movement: Opposed to rationalism, anti-rationalism, interested in Biblical miracles
72. The developer of Euphemism: John Lily
73. A lioness has whelped in the streets and graves have yawned and yielded up the dead”-Romeo and Juliat by Shakespeare
74. “18th Century is the age of prose- Matthew Arnold
The rose was awake all night for your sake
Knowing your promise to me
The Lilies and roses were all aware
Thy sighed for the dawn and thee” –Maud
75. Broken narrative, new private vocabulary, sardonic humour are the features of James Joyce
76. I shall Endeavour to enliven morality with wit and temper wit with morality- Addison
77. “I have a smack of Hamlet myself if I may say so”- Coleridge
78. The first book printed in English: The History of Troy
79. Plutarch Lives in 1579 who translated in to English: Thomas North
80. The Neoclassical Age, The Age of Dryden, the Age of Reason, Restoration are the name of the same age
81. Who praised the comedy of manners: Charles Lamb?
82. Faire Queen, Divine Comedy, Pilgrims progress are the allegories
83. “Patriotism is the last refuge of a scoundrel” Winston Churchill
84. Beware of all enterprises that require new cloths; HD Thoreau
85. Willows Whiten, aspen quiver
Little Breezier dusk and shiver,
Thro’ the waves that runs for ever
By the island in the river.- The Lady of Sharlot-Tennyson
86. As Ceaser Loved me I weep for him
But as he was ambitious I slew him.- anticlimax
87. English is a vulgar language and would remain so for ever.- Bacon
88. In younder grave druid lies” James Thomson laments the death of- William Collins
89. Novel without Hero: Vanity Fair
90. Essays on criticism by Pope: it was influenced by Boliau and Aristotle
91. The Romantic did not produce remarkable plays, but good criticism on the dramas is available “ on the knocking at the gate  in Macbeth” Thomas De Quincy
92. Dryden “ He was the man who of all modern and perhaps ancient poets, had the largest and most comprehensive soul about”- Shakespeare
93. Adventure Fiction David Daiches
94. Joyce: Ulyses  is the model of Homer’s Odessy
95. Neo romanticism: Dylon Thomas
96. Early to rise and early to bed makes a man healthy wealthy and dead- James Thurker
97. We all have sufficient strength to bear other people’s misfortune” La Rochefouenld
98. Winter is come and gone but grief returns with the revolving year- In Memoriam
99. Movement Poet: Philip Larkin
100. Light breaks where no sun shines: Dylon Thomas
101. Great Traditions: FR Leavis
102. The tomb bore the names of Tom and Magggie Tulliver and below the names it was written. In this death they were not divided: The Mill on the Floss
103. “The Prologue to the Modern Fiction” Long about Prologue to the Canterbury Tales. Becaue of: Narrative unity
104. Authorized Bible was dedicated to –james I
105. “God is dead” Fredrich Nietsche: Thus spake zarthustra
106. Stream of Consciousness in 1890  was used in the book: Principles of Psychology: William james
107. Blow, Blow thou winter wind thou art not so unkind, As mans ingratitude, thy tooth is not that keen.: As you like it Amiens sings it
108. Friends , our dear sister is departing for foreign in two three days: Nisim Ezekiel
109. Since the author of Tome Jones was buried no writer of fiction among us has been permitte to his utmost power of man. We must drape him and give him a certain conventional simper. W Makepeace Thackeray
110. While the present century was in its teens   novels begin with these  tones: Vanity Fair
111. Whether I shall turn out to be the hero of my own life: David Copperfield
112. “The well of English undefiled”-Chaucer his avoidance of foreign influence
113. He found English a dialect and left it a language: Lowes about Chaucer
114. Here lies my wife, here let her lie, Now he is at rest, and so am I.- John Dryden
115. Sons of Belial flown with insolence and wine: Milton referred to court writer of Restoration
116. A cynic is the man who knows the price of everything and value of nothing.-Oscar wilde
117. 18th century is the age of prose and reason: Matthew Arnold
118. Comedy of Manners: Courtship satire and wit
119. Melting apparent surfaces and displaying the infinite which was hid.  William Blake Explains his method of printing
120. One evening of late summer, before the Nineteenth Century had reached one-third of its span a young man and woman, the latter carrying a child, were approaching the large village of Weydon  Priors, in upper Wesses , on fort. Which Begins with these lines: Mayor of Casterbridge
121. I shall not be satisfied unless I produce something which shall for a few days supersede the last fashionable novel on the tables of young ladies: Thomas Macaulay
122. Lollards: followers of John Wycliff
123. “In 1801 I have just returned from a visit to my landlord the solitary neighbor that I shall be troubled with” begins the novel: Wuthering Heights
124. It is a truth universally acknowledge, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.-  Pride and Prejudice
125. In growing polish and decency of society he saw only mask for hypocrisy about: Jonathan Swift
126. Every craft and every power soon grows old and is passed over and forgotten if it be without wisdom this is now to be said that whilst I live I wish to live come after me as memory of good works.- King Alfred
127. He has nothing of the bear but his skin: Oliver Goldsmith about Samuel Johnson
128. A book should help us either to enjoy life or to endure it” Dr.Johnson
129.  Eliot “A game of chess ends with repeated good nights to ladies” Hamlet William Shakespeare
130. Blossom by blossom the spring begins in which poem: When the Hounds of Spring- Swinburne
131. Winter is come and gone but grief returns with revolving year” in Memoriam
132. To see a world in a grain of sand and a heaven in a wild flower hold infinity in the palm of your hand and eternity in an hour’s: William Blake
133. “An unexamined life is not worth living” Socrates
134. The stream of consciousness mode of fiction writing: Dorothy Richardson
135.  I suffered from impaired eyesight depression and poverty and left oxford without a degree. aFter a period as a teacher and my marriage to Mrs. Porter a widow twice my a g I left for London to begin writing for the Gentlemen’s Magazine I produced my own journal “The Rambler” written almost  entirely by myself” : Dr. Samuel Jonson
136. Who said my master spenser: Thomas
137. Tragic Falw in Hamlet: Noble Inaction
138. The Waste Land is “Cross word puzzle of synthetic literary chronology” o “ Spurious Verbal Algebra” : Wyndham Lewis
139. New Critics wrote the books: Anatonomy of Literature , Psychological approach
140. Ploughman poet: Robert Burn
141. Picaresque Novel: Realistic in manner, Episodic in structure, satiric in aim
142. To conclude as there are not be found a worthier man and woman , them this fond couple, so neither can any be imagined more happy, They preserve the purest and tenderest affection for each other and tenderest affection for each other and affection daily increased and confirmed by mutual endearment and mutual esteem. : concluding line of the novel- Tom Jones
143. Romanticism” addition of strangeness to beauty”  Walter Pater
144. First note worthy poet of romantic revival:
Thomson
145. Romantic movement “Liberalism in Literature”
Victor Hugo
146. Let not his frailties are remembered. He was a very great man” about Goldsmith, Samuel Johnson
147. Had we never loved so kindly,
Had we never loved so blindly
Never met or never parted
We had never been broken hearted- Roburt Burn
148. He  has given us the best picture of Landor, Hood, Clarke, and many  more interesting writer of his age”- Lamb
149. She did for the English novel what the lake poets did for English poetry: Austen
150. Just for a handful of silver he left us , just for a rib and to stick to his coat: Robert Browning about Wordsworth
151. An archaeologist  is the best husband any woman can have , the older she gets the more interested his is in her – Agatha Christie
152. Rhymers Club: it is a group of younger poets in London. He wrote on the prostitutes and music hall dancers
153. Collective Unconscious- CG Jung
154. These rules of old discovered not devised, Are nature still, but nature methodized – Pope
155. With a phrase make a character as real as flesh and blood – TS Eliot
156. We all have sufficient strength to bear other people’s misfortune- La Rochefouchauld
157. Dying Words  “Crito I owe a cock to asclepus, will you remember to pay the debt?”-Socrates
158. First prize (Noble) for literature –RFA Sully Prudhommne
159. The bright day is done
And we are for the dark- Anoneo and Cleopatra
160. Life is nice but it lacks form, it’s the aim of art to give it some – jean Anouith
161. The Words of the dead man are modified in the guts of the living- WH Auden
162. Mr. Henry James writes, fiction as if it is a painful duty- Oscar Wilde
163. The complexity of modern poetry is the result of the complexity of the modern life- TS Eliot
164. For art’s sake alone I wouldnot face the toil of writing a single sentence- GB Shaw
165. I heartily hate and detest that animal called man – Swift said to Pope in Gulliver’s Travels
166. Good God! What a genius I had when I wrote that book- Swift about A Tale of Tub
167. Pathetic Fallacy-John Ruskin
168. Female Suffrage-J S Mill
169. Walter Scott has no business to write novels, especially good one. It is not fair he had fame and profits enough as a poet and should not be taking the bread out of other people’s mouths. I don’t like him and I don’t mean to like Waverly if I can help it but fear I must.- Jane Austen
170. The passions are perfectly unknown to her, she rejects even a speaking acquaintance with that stormy sisterhood- Jane Austen
171. Preserve the purity and ascertain the meaning of our English  idiom- Preface to Dictionary- Samuel Johnson
172. The happiness was but the occasional episode is a general drama of pain- Thomas Hardy
173. Browning’s Pauline- Tribute to Shelley and his poetry
174. In a word, the book is great moral study and a very interesting book, but the novel as a whole lucks the strong reality which makes George Eliots other backs- Middle March
175. A thought to Donne was an experience. It modified his sensibility. TS Eliot
176. He resembles browning not only in his  condensed style packed with thought but also in this respect that he labored in obscurity and after much of his best work was  published and apparently forgotten he slowly won the leading place in English fiction- Meridith
177. I deal with all period but I never study any period but the present – Joseph Conard
178. Good morning to the day and next my Gold!
Open thy shrine that I may see my saint. – Poetaster
179. A thought to Donne was an experience. It modified his sensibility- TS Eliot
180. Literature always anticipates life it does not copy it but moulds it to its purpose-Oscar Wilde
181. I awoke one morning and found muyself famous –Byron
182. France standing on the top of nature seeming born again- The prelude Wordsworth
183. Lamb was the most delightful the most provoking and sensible of man. He always made the best pun and the best remarks in the course of evening
184. “Lights breaks where no sunshines” Dylon Thomas
185. Bless was it that dawn to be alive
But to be young was very heaven- French Revolution by Wordsworth
186. I see in Wordsworth the natural man rising up against the spiritual man continually and then he is no poet but a philosopher at enmity against all true poetry or inspiration- William Blake
187. Poetry of Wordsworth is the reality, his philosophy is the illusion –Arnold
188. In 18th century “ Books were seldom judged on their merits the praise or blame being generally awarded according to the political principal of their authors” – John Dennis
189. When a poet’s mind is perfectly equipped of its work, it is constantly amalgamating human experience –TS Eliot
190. The 20th  century is still the nineteenth, although it  may in time acquire its own character –TS Eliot
191. Geography is about maps but biography is about chaps;- EC Bentlay
192. An egg boiled very soft is not unwholesome- Austen
193. Poetry  is more philosophical and of higher value than history- Aristotle
194. The old order changeth yielding place to new, lest one good custom should  corrupt the world- The  Passing of Arthur- Tennyson
195. The desire of the moth for the star of the nights for the morrow
The devotion to something for – Shelley
196. Frailty, thy name is women- Hamelet- Shakespeare
197. That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet- Romeo and Juliet –W Shakespeare
198. Affection may one day smile again and till then, sit thee down sorrow-Love’s Labour Lost –W Shakespeare
199. He was the man who of all modern and perhaps ancient poets had the largest and most comprehensive soul- about Shakespeare-Dryden
200. Others abide our question thou art free: about Shakespeare by Matthew Arnold
201. They also serve who only stand and wait: On his Blindness by Milton
202. In Milton there is always an appearance of effort in Shakespeare scarcely any – Matthew Arnold
203. Both are Lyric poems in the for of plays ( Milton)
Macaulay (about Camus and Samson Agonistes)
204. The Poet’s Poet- Spenser
205. America is my country and Paris is my home town: Grtrude stein
206. It is with that English Genius first fishes into English fiction: bunyan
207. I’m not prince Hamlet, nor was meant to be- Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock- TS Eliot
208. Endymion by Keats and Alastor by Shelley are the same poems
209. He found the drama crude and chaotic he left it a great force in English Literature- Compton Rickett about Marlowe
210. Bacon was the wisest, the brightest and the meanest of mankind- Alexander Pope
211. Life is tale told by an idiot- Macbeth by W Shakespeare
212. The heroine of Hamlet is Ophelia
213. Emerson “the lonely  wayfaring man- Whitman
214. In the room woman come and go talking of Michelangelo- The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock TS Eliot
215. John Donne is the first poet of the world in something- Johnson
216. Here is god’s Plenty – about Chaucer-Dryden
217. Pope could fix in one couplet more sense than I can do in six- Swift
218. The rest is silence- Hamlet
219. Where ignorance is bless, Tis folly to be wise-Gray in  the Ode on a distant prospect of Eton College
220. Milton thou shouldest be living at this hour – Wordsworth
221. Diction is harsh, the shyness uncertain and the numbers unpleasing- Dr. Johnson about Lycidas
222. Sarojini Naidu was Called Nightingale of India by- Gandhi
223. For them no more the blazing hearth shall burn- here them is referred for ambitious people
224. He passed the flames bounds of place and times- Gray about Milton
225. Father of imagism in English poetry- TE Hulme
226. Father of Neo-romantic poety in 1940- Dylon Thomas
227. The greatest commonwealth poet-Aurbindo Ghose
228. Tagore has described, “the inaugurator of the modern life in India – Raja Ram Mohan Roy
229. The imaginative writer is afte effect, the scientific man is after truth- OW Holmes
230. Dear Son of Memory, Great heir of fame- Milton- about Chaucer
231. He is the greatest comic novelist in English , he is also the most truly poetic novelist – Walter Alton about Dickens
232. I think her as delightful creature as ever appeared in print- Jane Austene about Elizabeth Bannet
233. Prophasier of the things past- Walter Scott
234. The Spanish Gypsy by Thomas Middleton and As You Like It by W Shakespeare are parodies
235. Heart are not had as gift but hearts are earned – WB Yeats
236. A prayer for my daughter- WB Yeats
237. Charles Morgan “survived the impact of modern scientific motions upon the soul of humanity- The burning Glass
238. To judge of poets is only the faculty of poets and not of all poets but the lost- Ben Jonson
239. Characters of Shakespeare’s plays is a collection of lectures by : William Hazlitt
240. He never takes liberties with historical facts as Shakespearean does but is accurate to the small details about – Ben Jonson
241. A thing of beauty is a joy for ever – Endymion by Keats
242. They were a plain people faced with task of subduing a wilderness: Early Settlers in America
243. Just as Hardy is a novelist of region Wessex, Arnold Bennett is novelist of – Five towns ( Potteries)
244. Pity would be no more if we did not make somebody poor- Blake
245. Aropagus- Transplantations of classical metres in English During the Elizabethan Age
246. Our is essentially a tragic age- Lady Chatterly’s Lover
247. Religion by blood- DH Lawrence
248. Blank verse user first- Sackville
249. We have no more sight to consume happiness without producing it then to consume wealth without producing it- GB Shaw in Candida
250. That govt is best which govern least – Thoreau in Civil Obedience
251. Love , virtue, she alone is free – Milton in Camus
252. Asking a working writer what he thinks about critics is like asking a lamp post what it thinks about dog.- John Osborne
253. This moral to be drawn is a sample one don’t let it happen it depends on you – Nineteen Eighty Four
254. God made the country and man made the town- William Cowper
255. All I want to answer to my blood  direct without fribbling intervention of mind or moral or what not  -DH Lawrence
256. The Castle of Ortanto- Horace Walpole-Gothic
257. Poetry is not a turning lose of emotion but an escape from emotion- TS Eliot
258. What the imagination seizes as beauty must be truth John Keats
259.  In this on that subtle novel Hathorne solve almost all his problems –Marcus Cunliffe about The Scarlet Letter
260. He is the scientist and  frailest of classic in our poetry but he is a classic – Matthew Arnold
261. Tis not too later to seek a newer world – Tennyson
262. Shakespeare has only heroines and no heroes- Ruskin
263. Dickens of the Elizabethan Age- Thoma Daker
264. The Lunatic the love and the poet are of imagination all compact- Midsummer Night Dream
265. Spenser’s Gloriana, Raleigh’s Cynathia, Shakespeare’s Fair Vestal all are Elizabethan
266. Poetry that has palatable design upon us- Keats
267. There is sometimes a greater judgments shown in deviating from the rules of art than in adhering to them-Joseph Addison
268. His verse is sensuous and persuasive and it is best  simple this according with Milton’s famous definition – Walt Whitman
269. Say what have to say, whet you have a will to say, in the simplest the most direct and exact manner possible : Walter Pater.

100 Stunning Facts of English Literature

100 Stunning Facts of English Literature:
1. Chaucer lived during the reigns of – Edward III, Richard II and Henry IV
2. Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales was written in – 1385 onwards
3. Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales belongs to – 3rd Period of Chaucer’s literary career 4. Norman Conquest took place in – 1066 (11th Century)
5. Wyclif’s Bible was published in – 1380 6. William Langland’s The Vision of William concerning Piers the Plowman was written in – 1362-90
7. The Travels of Sir John Maundeville was published in - 1400
8. The Hundred Years’ War was begun in – 1338 (14th Century)
9. The Hundred Years’ War was fought between – England and France
10. Wat Tyler’s Rebellion took place in - 1381
11. The War of Roses was fought between – The House of York and the House of Lancaster
12. The War of Roses was fought during the period – 1455-86
13. Thomas Malory’s Morte De Arthur was written in – 1470 (published in 1485) 14. Caxton’s Printing Press was set up in – 1485
15. Thomas More’s Utopia was published in – 1516 (Latin), 1551 (English)
16. The First English Comedy, Roister Doister was written in – 1550
17. Roister Doister was written by – Nicholas Udall
18. The First English Tragedy, Gorboduc was written in – 1561
19. Gorboduc was written by – Thomas Sackville, Lord of Buckhurst & Thomas Norton
20. Tottel’s Miscellancy was published in - 1557
21. Queen Elizabeth ascended the throne of England in – 1558
22. Globe Theatre was built in – 1599
23. The Elizabethan Age covers the period – 1558-1602
24. The leader of University Wits was – Christopher Marlowe
25. Marlowe’s first tragedy was – Tamburlaine the Great (1587)
26. Shakespeare wrote – 37 plays
27. Dryden’s All for Love is based on Shakespeare’s – Antony and Cleopatra 28. Shakespeare’s Sonnets were published in – 1609
29. The hero of Spenser’s Faerie Queene is - King Arthur
30. Spenser’s Faerie Queene is dedicated to – Queen Elizabeth
31. Spenser dedicated his Shephearde’s Calendar to – Philip Sydney
32. John Lyly’s Euphues, the Anatomy of Wit was published in 1579 and was contemporary with – Shepheardes Calender.
33. White Devil and Duchess of Malfi were written by – John Webester
34. Ben Jonson’s first play Every Man in his Humour was published in – 1598
35. Ben Jonson is known for his – Comedy of Humours
36. Ben Jonson’s play written wholly in prose – Bartholomew Fair
37. Bacon’s essays are written in – Aphoristic style
38. Bacon wrote essays in all – 106 essays (1st, 2nd, 3rd Edition – 10, 38, 58 essays)
39. Authorised version of the Bible - 1611 40. The leader of Metaphysical School of Poets was – Henery Vaughan
41. The term ‘Augustan’ was first applied to school of Poets by – Dr. Johnson
42. The intellectual father of French Revolution – Rousseau
43. Lyrical Ballads was published in – 1798
44. The leader of the Pre-Raphaelite in England was – D.G. Rossetti
45. The founder of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in England – William Holman Hunt
46. The originator of the Oxford Movement was – John Keble
47. The phrase ‘Stream of Consciousness’ is associated with – James Joyce
48. The Hero of Homer’s Iliad is – Achilles
49. Pope’s Rape of the Lock contains – Five Cantos
50. A Ballad stanza generally contains – Four lines

51. The greatest Epic in English is written by – Milton
52. The next in command after Satan in Paradise Lost is – Beelzebub
53. The meaning of L’Allegro is – A cheerful man
54. A Pastoral Elegy written by Shelley on the death of Keats – Adonais
55. Everyman a famous play of 15th Century was a – Morality Play
56. The villain in Duchess of Malfi is – Bosola
57. Dryden’s plays in general are called – Heroic Plays
58. The last play written by Shakespeare is – The Tempest
59. Andrea Del Sarto in Browning’s Dramatic Monologue was – A renowned Painter
60. Rabbi Ben Ezra was a – real Jewish Scholar.
61. Occleve in The Governail of Princes wrote a famous poem mourning the death of Chaucer.
62. Caxton was the first to set up a printing press in England in 1476.
63. William Tyndale’s English New Testament is the earliest version of the Bible.
64. Tottle's Miscellany is a famous anthology of 'Songs and Sonnets' by Wyatt and Surrey.
65. Amoretti contained 88 sonnets of Spenser.
66. Thomas Mores' Utopia was first written in Latin in 1516. It was rendered into English in 1551.
67. Roister Doister is believed to be the first regular comedy in English by Nicholas Udall.
68. Gorboduc is believed to be the first regular tragedy in English by Sackville and Norton in collaboration.
69. Chaucer's Physician in the Doctor of Physique was heavily dependent upon Astrology.
70. Spenser described Chaucer as "The Well of English undefiled’.
71. Chaucer's pilgrims go on their pilgrimage in the month of April.
72. Forest of Arden appears in the play As You Like It by William Shakespeare. 73. Globe Theatre was built in 1599.
74. When Sidney died, Spenser wrote an elegy on his death called “Astrophel”
75. Spenser’s Epithalamion is a wedding hymn.
76. The first tragedy Gorboduc was later entitled as Ferrex and Porrex.
77. Sidney's “Apologie for Poetrie” is a reply to Gosson's “School of Abuse”.
78. In his Apologie for Poetrie, Sidney defends the Three Dramatic Unities.
79. Christopher Marlowe wrote only tragedies. He first used Blank Verse in his Jew of Malta.
80. "Was this the face that launched a thousand ships” . This line occurs in Doctor Faustus by Marlowe.
81. Ben Jonson used the phrase 'Marlowe's mighty line' for Marlowe's Blank Verse.
82. Ruskin said, "Shakespeare has only heroines and no heroes".
83. The phrase 'The Mousetrap' used by Shakespeare in Hamlet. It is the play within the play.
84. Spenser dedicates the Preface to The Faerie Queene to Sir Walter Raleigh.
85. The Faerie Queene is an allegory .In this Queen Elizabeth is allegorized through the character of Gloriana.
86. Charles Lamb called Spenser the 'Poets' Poet'.
87. Spenser first used the Spenserian stanza in Faerie Queene.
88. In the original scheme or plan of the Faerie Queene as designed by Spenser, it was to be completed in Twelve Books. But he could not complete the whole plan. Only six books exist now.
89. Twelve Cantos are there in Book I of the Faerie Queene.
90. In the Dedicatory Letter, Spenser Says that the real beginning of the allegory in the Faerie Queene is to be found in Book XII.
91. The Faerie Queene is basically a moral allegory. Spenser derived this concept of moral allegory from Aristotle. 92. Ben Jonson said 'Spenser writ no language.'
93. Spenser divided his ‘Shepheardes Calender’ into twelve Ecologues. They represent twelve months of a year.
94. Bacon's Essays are modelled on the Essais of Montaigne.
95. Bacon is the author of Novum Organum.
96. Spenser dedicated his Shepheards Calendar to Sir Philip Sidney.
97. Ten Essays were published in Bacon's First Edition of Essays in 1597.
98. 58 essays of Bacon were published in his third and last edition of Essays in 1625.
99. "......... a mixture of falsehood is like alloy in coin of gold and silver, which may make the metal work the better , but it embaseth it". These lines occur in Bacon’s “Of Truth”.
100. Hamlet said "Frailty thy name is woman” in Hamlet by Shakespeare.

Literary Terms

1. Auto-Biography: -is the history of one’s life written by one self.
2. Act: - is the major division of a drama.
3. Antithesis: -is contrast or polarity in meaning.
4. Allusion: -is a reference to an idea, place, person or text existing outside the literary work.
5. Allegory: - is a literary work that has an implied meaning.
6. Alliteration:-the repetition of a consonant in two or more words.
7. Ballad: -is a song which tells a story.
8. Biography: -is the history of a person’s life by one else.
9. Blank Verse: -Verses written in iambic pentameter withoutany rhyme pattern is called blank verse.
10. Comedy:-is a play written to entertain its audience ends happily.
11. Classical:-means any writing that conforms to the rules and modes of old Greek and Latin written.
12. Canto:-is a sub-division of an epic or a narrative poem comparable to a chapter in a novel.
13. Chorus:-is a group of singers who stand alongside the stage in a drama.
14. Catharsis:-is emotional release of pity and fear that the tragic incidences in a tragedy arouse to an audience.
15. Comic relief:-a humorous scene in a tragedy to eliminate the tragic effect from audience.
16. Couplet:-To lines of the same material length usually found in Shakespearean sonnet.
17. Catastrophe:-Catastrophe is the downfall of the protagonist in a tragedy.
18. Didactic:-is a literary work which aims at teaching and instructing it readers.
19. Dirge:-is a short functional terms.
20. Diction:-is the selection of words in literary work.
21. Dialect:-is the language of particular district; class or a group of people.
22. Drammatical Monologue:-In a poem when a single person
speaks along with or without an audience is called drammatical monologue. Example “My last Duchess”-----Browning.
23. Difference between drama and novel:-A drama is meant to perform whereas a novel is meant to read.
24. Difference between stanza and paragraph:-A stanza contains verses whereas a paragraph contains prosaic lines.
25. Epic:-is a long narrative poem composed on a grand scale and is exalted style. Example “Paradise Last”-------Milton.
26. Epilogue:-is the concluding part of a longer poem or a novel or a drama.
27. Fable:-is a brief story illustrating a moral.
28. Farce:-A form of low comedy designed to provoke laughter.
29. Foot:-A basic unit of meter.
30. Fiction:-A fiction is an imaginative narrative in prose e.g. Lord of the fly—by Golding.
31. Elegy is a poem mourning to the death of an individual or a lament for a tragic event.
32. Genre:-means category or types of literature-epic, ode, ballad etc.
33. Hyperbole:-An overstatement or exaggeration.
34. Image:-is the mental picture connected with metaphor, smile and symbol.
35. Limerick:-is a short poem of a five-line stanza rhyming aaba.
36. Lyric:-A lyric is a short poem expressing a simple mood. It is usually personal and musical e.g. Keats’s odes.
37. Linguistic:-is the scientific and systematic study of language.
38. Melodrama:-A highly sensational drama with happy ending.
Example ‘The Spanish Tragedy’ –Kyd.
39. Metaphysical Poetry:-Meta means beyond and physical is related to body . . . . . . . . .
40. Mock-epic:-It is a long satirical poem dealing with a trivial theme. Example: “The rape of the lock”-Alexander Pope.
41. Metaphor:-A metaphor is an implicit comparison between two different things.
42. Metre:-The recurrence of similar stress pattern in some lines of a poem.
43. Novel:-is a long prose narrative fiction with plot characters etc.
44. Novelette:-is longer than a short story and shorter than a novel.
45. Ode:-is a long narrative poem of varying, line length dealing with serious subject matter.
46. Objectivity:-We have objectivity in a literary piece when the author focuses on an object from broadened point of view.
47. Octave:-is the firs part of Italian sonnet.
48. Oxymoron:-is apparently a physical contrast which oddly makes sense on a deeper level.
49. Prologue:-is the beginning part of a novel or a play or a novel.

50. Prose:-Any material that is not written in a regular meter like a poetry.
51. Prosody:-Prosody is the mechanics or grammar of verse.
52. Protagonist:-Protagonist is the main character in a literary work
53. Plot:-The arrangement of incidents is called plot.
54. Pun:-A pun is playing with words.
55. Periods of English literature:-The Anglo-Saxon, Middle English Renaissance, Restoration, Neoclassical Romantic, Victorian, Modern, Post-Modern.
56. Romanticism:-was a literary movement. It stands Opposite to reason and focuses on emotion.
57. Rhetoric:-Rhetoric is the art of persuasive argument through writing.
58. Symbol:-A symbol is anything that stands for something else.
59. Sonnet:-is a lyric poem consisting of fourteen rhymed lines dealing with a lofty theme.
60. Satire:-is ridiculing the vices and follies of an individual or a society with a corrective design. E.g. “The rape of thelock”---Pope.
61. Short-story:-A short story is a prose narrative considerable length. It is shorter than a novel.
62. Stanza:-is a group of verses having a rhyme schemepattern.
63. Subjectivity:-We find subjectivity in a literary work in which the writer’s personal intrusion takes place.
64. Soliloquy:-It means speaking alone when in a play a character is found speaking alone on the stage it is called soliloquy.

Multiple choice questions- Chaucer

Some Mcqs from chaucer & prologue:

1)      Who introduced the heroic couplet into English?

Ans: Chaucer (in the Legend of Good Women)

2)      Who wrote the Book of Duchess?

Ans: Chaucer

3)      Who is referred to as ‘fusion tunic’?

Ans: Knight

4)      Madame Eglantine also known as?

Ans: Prioress

5)      Father of English poetry is?

Ans: Chaucer

6)      Whose name is Huberd?

Ans: Friar

7)      Who is described as ‘Epicurus Son’?

Ans: Franklin

8)      During Chaucer’s period medicine was connected with

Ans: Astronomy

9)      Who called Chaucer as the father of English Poetry?

Ans: Dryden

10)  How many Pilgrims are there in Canterbury Tales?

Ans: 30 (including Chaucer)

11)  Which is the first in Canterbury Tales?

Ans: The Knight’s Tale

12)  The Pilgrims went for a pilgrimage to Canterbury in the month of

Ans: April

13)  29 Pilgrims came to Tabard Inn at

Ans: Early in the morning

14)  How many battle were fought by knight?

Ans: 15

15)  What is the name of the nun?

Ans: Madame Eglantine

16)  The Nun speaks _____ fluently

Ans: French

17)  The young Squire who appears in the Canterbury Tales is the son of _______

Ans: The Knight

18)  The Yeoman attended on or served whom?

Ans: The Knight

19)  Who is fond of hunting?

Ans: The Monk

20)  A sailor appears in the prologue to Canterbury Tale. The sailor ship name was

Ans: Maudelayne

21)  Who was deaf among the following?

Ans: Wife of Bath

22)  How many times Wife of bath married?

Ans: 5 times

23)  How many times Wife of bath went to Jerusalem?

Ans: 3 times

24)  Which are the tales in “Canterbury Tales” were written in Prose?

Ans: The Parson’s Tale and Melibus Tale

25)  What are the tales told by Chaucer?

Ans: The Tale of Sir Thopas and The Tale of Melibee

26)  Which is the longest tale?

Ans: Parson’s Tale

27)  The Shortest tale is?

Ans: Yeoman ????

28)  Who was Parson’s brother?

Ans: Plowman

29)  Who always rode last in the group of pilgrims?

Ans: Reeve (He is a Carpenter)

30)  The pilgrims Stayed at

Ans: Tabard Inn

31)  The host asked the pilgrims to tell ____ stories when they go to Canterbury

Ans: Two

32)  Who proposed that every pilgrim should tell two stories?

Ans: The Host

33)  Who opposed the proposal of the Host?

Ans: No one

34)  The Pilgrims started their pilgrimage at

Ans: Morning

35)  “Therefore he loved Gold in special”. The word ‘he’ refers to whom?

Ans: The Doctor

36)  Number of pilgrims including the narration or in the prologue conterbury tales are

Ans: 30

37)  How many completed tales are there in the Canterbury Tales?

Ans: 24

38)  What type of Dialect Chaucer used in his work?

Ans: East Midland Dialect

39)  Why are the pilgrims going to Canterbury?

Ans: To worship the relics of Saint Thomas Becket

40)  What does the Squire wear?

Ans: Cloth embroidered with flowers

41)  Who marries Emelye in the Knight’s Tale?

Ans: Palamon

42)  According to the Wife of Bath, what do women most desire?

Ans: Sovereignty over their husbands

43)  What does Chanticleer dream?

Ans: That he will be taken away by an orange, houndlike creature

44)  Who are the three men searching for in the Pardoner’s Tale?

Ans: Death

45)  Who is branded by a red-hot poker in the Miller’s Tale?

Ans: Nicholas

46)  Who gives the brand to the Nicholas?

Ans: Absolon

47)  Which of the following tales is a fabliau?

Ans: The Miller’s Tale

48)  Which pilgrim has a forked beard?

Ans: The Merchant

49)  What is the moral of the Nun’s Priest’s Tale?

Ans: Never trust a flatterer.

50)  What is the Wife of Bath’s Prologue about?

Ans: Her life with her five different husbands

51)  When does The Canterbury Tales take place?

Ans: In the late fourteenth century

52)  For which social classes did Chaucer write?

Ans: All levels of society

53)  What was Chaucer’s profession?

Ans: Civil servant

54)  How many Canterbury Tales are there?

Ans: 24

55)  What is a romance?

Ans: A story of knights, ladies, quests, and love

56)  Which tale qualifies as part of a medieval sermon?

Ans: The Pardoner’s Tale

57)  Which pilgrims are most richly attired?

Ans: Wife of Bath, Squire, Monk, Physician, Franklin

58)  Which tales take place in the Orient?

Ans: The Man of Law’s Tale and the Squire’s Tale

59)  Which pilgrim carries a brooch inscribed with Latin words meaning “Love Conquers All”?

Ans: The Prioress

60)  At what time of year does the pilgrimage take place?

Ans: In the height of spring

61)  Which characters are connected to the Church?

Ans: The Prioress, the Monk, the Friar, the Summoner, and the Pardoner

62)  Which tale is about a talking falcon?

Ans: The Squire’s Tale

63)  Which tales are about the patient suffering of women?

Ans: The Man of Law’s Tale (Exile of Custance), the Clerk’s Tale (Ordeal of Griselda), and the Physician’s Tale (Mercy killing of Virginia)

64)  Why does the Pardoner upset the Host?

Ans: The Pardoner tries to sell indulgences to the pilgrims, after he has already told them that he cheats people.

65)  In which year Chaucer wrote Canterbury Tales?

Ans: 1387 to 1400

66)  Who did Arcite who won the fight with Palamon die?

Ans: He fell from the Horse Riding

67)  Who imprisoned Arcite and Palamon?

Ans: Theseus, the duke of Athens

68)  The characters John and Alayn appear in the story of _______

Ans: The Reeve’s Tale

69)  The Perkyn who drinks heavily and stays with his friend’s house and his wife who is a prostitute appears in the tale of _________

Ans: The Cook’s Tales

70)  Who had Ulcer on his face (shin)?

Ans: The Cook

71)  The conversion of muslims to chrisitians takes place in the story of _________

Ans: The Man of Law’s Tale.

72)  What is the name of the mother of Sultan who is killed by her Sultan in the tale of the man of Law?

Ans: Hermengyld

73)  What is the name of the mother of Alla, the King of Northumberland who is killed by her son Alla?

Ans: Donegild

74)  Who is the son born to All and Custance?

Ans: Mauricius

75)  How many lines the prologue of Canterbury Tales has?

Ans: 858 lines

76)  Which are the unfinished Tales of Canterbury Tales?

Ans: The Cook’s Tale and Squire’s Tale

77)  Who is Mrs. Sweetbriar?

Ans: Madame Eglantine

78)  The clerk of oxford had twenty books which were written by ________

Ans: Aristotle

79)  Who says of Chaucer “Here is God’s Plenty”?

Ans: Dryden

80)  Who criticizes Canterbury Tales as Portrait Gallary?

Ans: Dryden

81)  Who says of Chaucer, “He must have been a man of most wonderful comprehensive soul?

Ans: Dryden

82)  Who called Chaucer as the father of English poetry?

Ans: Dryden

83)  Who called Chaucer as the father of our splendid English Poetry?

Ans: Matthew Arnold

84)  Who called Chaucer as a perpetual fountain of good sense?

Ans: Matthew Arnold

85)  Who says of Chaucer, “He will be read far more generally than he is read now”

Ans: Matthew Arnold

86)  Who said that Chaucer lacks high seriousness?

Ans: Matthew Arnold

Multiple choice questions

This is a set of 60 Questions on English Literature
Very useful for
UGC NET Exam
PGT Teachers exam
UPSC Civil Services Exam
and any other exam which contains multiple Choice Objective type Questions on English Literature
1. The epigraph of The Waste Land is borrowed from?
(A) Virgil
(B) Fetronius
(C) Seneca
(D) Homer
2. Who called ‘The Waste Land ‘a music of ideas’?
(A) Allen Tate
(B) J. C. Ransom
(C) I. A. Richards
(D) F. R Leavis
3. T. S. Eliot has borrowed the term ‘Unreal City’ in the first and third
sections from?
(A) Baudelaire
(B) Irving Babbit
(C) Dante
(D) Laforgue
4. Which of the following myths does not figure in The Waste
Land?
(A) Oedipus
(B) Grail Legend of Fisher King
(C) Philomela
(D) Sysyphus
5. Joe Gargery is Pip’s?
(A) brother
(B) brother-in-Jaw
(C) guardian
(D) cousin
6. Estella is the daughter of?
(A) Joe Gargery
(B) Abel Magwitch .
(C) Miss Havisham
(D) Bentley Drumnile
7. Which book of John Ruskin influenced Mahatma Gandhi?
(A) Sesame and Lilies
(B) The Seven Lamps of Architecture
(C) Unto This Last
(D) Fors Clavigera
8. Graham Greene’s novels are marked by?
(A) Catholicism
(B) Protestantism
(C) Paganism
(D) Buddhism
9. One important feature of Jane Austen’s style is?
(A) boisterous humour
(B) humour and pathos
(C) subtlety of irony
(D) stream of consciousness
10. The title of the poem ‘The Second Coming’ is taken from?
(A) The Bible
(B) The Irish mythology
(C) The German mythology
(D) The Greek mythology
11. The main character in Paradise Lost Book I and Book II is?
(A God
(B) Satan
(C) Adam
(D) Eve
12. In Sons and Lovers, Paul Morel’s mother’s name is?
(A)Susan
(B)Jane
(C)Gertrude
(D) Emily
13. The twins in Lord of the Flies are?
(A)Ralph and Jack
(B) Simon and Eric
(C) Ralph and Eric
(D) Simon and Jack
14.Mr. Jaggers, in Great Expectations, is a
(A) lawyer
(B) postman
(C)Judge
(D) School teacher
15. What does ‘I’ stand for in the following line?
‘To Carthage then I came’
(A) Buddha
(B) Tiresias
(C) Smyrna Merchant
(D) Augustine
16. The following lines are an example……… of image.
‘The river sweats
Oil and tar’
(A) visual
(B) kinetic
(C) erotic
(D) sensual
17. Which of the following novels has the sub-title ‘A Novel Without a Hero’?
(A) Vanity Fair
(B) Middlemarch
(C) Wuthering Heights
(D) Oliver Twist
18. In ‘Leda and the Swan’, who wooes Leda in guise of a swan?
(A) Mars
(B) Hercules
(C) Zeus
(D) Bacchus
19. Who invented the term ‘Sprung rhythm’?
(A)Hopkins
(B)Tennyson
(C)Browning
(D)Wordsworth
20.Who wrote the poem ‘Defence of Lucknow’?
(A) Browning
(B) Tennyson
(C) Swinburne
(D) Rossetti
21.Which of the following plays of Shakespeare has an epilogue?
(A) The Tempest
(B) Henry IV, Pt I
(C) Hamlet
(D) Twelfth Night
22. Hamlet’s famous speech ‘To be,or not to be; that is the question’
occurs in?
(A) Act II, Scene I
(B) Act III, Scene III
(C) Act IV, Scene III
(D) Act III, Scene I
23. Identify the character in The Tempest who is referred to as an honest old counselor
(A) Alonso
(B) Ariel
(C) Gonzalo
(D) Stephano
24. What is the sub-title of the play Twelfth Night?
(A) Or, What is you Will
(B) Or, What you Will
(C) Or, What you Like It
(D) Or, What you Think
25. Which of the following plays of Shakespeare, according to T. S.
Eliot, is ‘artistic failure’?
(A) The Tempest
(B) Hamlet
(C) Henry IV, Pt I
(D) Twelfth Night
26. Who is Thomas Percy in Henry IV, Pt I?
(A) Earl of Northumberland
(B) Earl of March
(C) Earl of Douglas
(D) Earl of Worcester
27. Paradise Lost was originally written in?
(A) ten books
(B) eleven books
(C) nine books
(D) eight books
28. In Pride and Prejudice, Lydia elopes with?
(A) Darcy
(B) Wickham
(C) William Collins
(D) Charles Bingley
29. Who coined the phrase ‘Egotistical Sublime’?
(A) William Wordsworth
(B) P.B.Shelley
(C) S. T. Coleridge
(D) John Keats
30. Who is commonly known as ‘Pip’ in Great Expectations?
(A) Philip Pirrip
(B) Filip Pirip
(C)Philip Pip
(D) Philips Pirip
31. The novel The Power and the Glory is set in?
(A)Mexico
(B) Italy
(C)France
(D) Germany
32. Which of the following is Golding’s first novel?
(A) The Inheritors
(B) Lord of the Flies
(C) Pincher Martin
(D) Pyramid
33.Identify the character who is a supporter of Women’s Rights in Sons and Lovers?
(A) Mrs. Morel
(B) Annie
(C) Miriam
(D) Clara Dawes

34. Vanity Fair is a novel by?
(A) Jane Austen
(B) Charles Dickens
(C) W. M. Thackeray
(D) Thomas Hardy
35. Shelley’s Adonais is an elegy on the death of?
(A) Milton
(B) Coleridge
(C) Keats
(D) Johnson
36. Which of the following is the first novel of D. H. Lawrence?
(A) The White Peacock
(B) The Trespasser
(C) Sons and Lovers
(D) Women in Love
37. In the poem ‘Tintern Abbey’, ‘dearest friend’ refers to?
(A) Nature
(B) Dorothy
(C) Coleridge
(D) Wye
38. Who, among the following, is not the second generation of British
Romantics?
(A) Keats
(B) Wordsworth
(C) Shelley
(D) Byron
39. Which of the following poems of Coleridge is a ballad?
(A) Work Without Hope
(B) Frost at Midnight
(C) The Rime of the Ancient
Mariner
(D) Youth and Age
40. Identify the writer who was expelled from Oxford for circulating a pamphlet—
(A) P. B. Shelley
(B) Charles Lamb
(C) Hazlitt
(D) Coleridge
41. Keats’s Endymion is dedicated to?
(A) Leigh Hunt
(B) Milton
(C) Shakespeare
(D) Thomas Chatterton
42. The second series of Essays of Elia by Charles Lamb was published in?
(A) 1823
(B) 1826
(C) 1834
(D) 1833
43. Which of the following poets does not belong to the ‘Lake School’?
(A) Keats
(B) Coleridge
(C) Southey
(D) Wordsworth
44.Who, among the following writers, was not educated at Christ’s Hospital School,
London?
(A) Charles Lamb
(B) William Wordsworth
(C) Leigh Hunt
(D) S. T. Coleridge
45. Who derided Hazlitt as one of the members of the ‘Cockney School of Poetry’?
(A) Tennyson
(8) Charles Lamb
(C) Lockhart
(D) T. S. Eliot
46. Tennyson’s poem ‘In Memoriam’was written in memory of?
(A) A. H. Hallam
(B) Edward King
(C) Wellington
(D) P. B. Shelley
47. Who, among the following, is not connected with the Oxford Movement?
(A) Robert Browning
(B) John Keble
(C) E. B. Pusey
(D) J. H. Newman
48. Identify the work by Swinburne which begins “when the hounds of spring are on winter’s traces..”?
(A) Chastelard
(B) A Song of Italy
(C) Atalanta in Calydon
(D) Songs before Sunrise
49. Carlyle’s work On Heroes, HeroWorship and the Heroic in History is a course of?
(A) six lectures
(B) five lectures
(C) four lectures
(D) seven lectures
50. Who is praised as a hero by Carlyle in his lecture on the ‘Hero as King’?
(A) Johnson
(B) Cromwell
(C) Shakespeare
(D) Luther
51. Identify the work by Ruskin which began as a defence of contemporary landscape artist especially Turner?
(A) The Stones of Venice
(B) The Two Paths
(C) The Seven Lamps of Architecture
(D) Modem Painters
52. The term ‘the Palliser Novels’ is used to describe the political novels of?
(A) Charles Dickens
(B) Anthony Trollope
(C) W. H. White
(D) B. Disraeli
53. Identify the poet, whom Queen Victoria, regarded as the perfect poet of ‘love and loss’—
(A) Tennyson
(B) Browning
(C) Swinburne
(D) D. G. Rossetti
54. A verse form using stanza of eight lines, each with eleven syllables, is known as?
(A) Spenserian Stanza
(B) Ballad
(C) OttavaRima
(D) Rhyme Royal
55. Identify the writer who first used blank verse in English poetry?
(A) Sir Thomas Wyatt
(B) William Shakespeare
(C) Earl of Surrey
(D) Milton
56. The Aesthetic Movement which blossomed during the 1880s was not influenced by?
(A) The Pre-Raphaelites
(B) Ruskin
(C) Pater
(D) Matthew Arnold
57. Identify the rhetorical figure used in the following line of Tennyson “Faith un-faithful kept him falsely true.”
(A) Oxymoron
(B) Metaphor
(C) Simile
(D) Synecdoche
58. W. B. Yeats used the phrase ‘the artifice of eternity’ in his poem?
(A) Sailing to Byzantium
(B) Byzantium
(C) The Second Coming
(D) Leda and the Swan
59. Who is Pip’s friend in London?
(A) Pumblechook
(B) Herbert Pocket
(C) Bentley Drummle
(D) Jaggers
60. Who is Mr. Tench in The Power and the Glory?
(A) A teacher
(B) A clerk
(C) A thief
(D) A dentist
If you wants more mcqs join this page https://www.facebook.com/pg/literaturegroup/about/
ANSWERS:
1 D
2 A
3 C
4 D
5 C
6 A
7 C
8 A
9 B
10 A
11 B
12 C
13 A
14 A
15 D
16 C
17 A
18 D
19 A
20 C
21 A
22 D
23 C
24 B
25 B
26 A
27 D
28 B
29 C
30 C
31 A
32 B
33 A
34 C
35 C
36 A
37 B
38 B
39 C
40 A
41 A
42 D
43 A
44 A
45 D
46 A
47 A
48 C
49 B
50 B
51 D
52 D
53 D
54 C
55 C
56 D
57 A
58 A
59 D
60C